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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

carbon

A

carbon atoms have strong covalent bonds to eachother
the carbon carbon bonds can be single,double or triple

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2
Q

how can carbon atoms be arranged as

A

straight chains
branched chains
rings

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3
Q

functional group

A

group of atoms or an atom that give specific properties to a molecule

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4
Q

homologous series

A

group of atoms with the same functional group

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5
Q

organic compound is determined by

A

functional group

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6
Q

alkanes

A

c2H2N+2
c-c

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7
Q

Alkenes

A

cnh2n
c=c

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8
Q

brackets in structural formula show its a

A

branch

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9
Q

nomenclature

A
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10
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula
Chain isomerism
Position isomerism

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11
Q

Chain isomerism

A

Different arrangement of the carbin skeleton
Similar chemical properties
Slightly different physical properties
More branching so lower boiling point

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12
Q

Positional isomerism

A

Same carbon skeleton
Same functional group
Functional group is in a different position
Similar chemical properties slightl different physical properties

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13
Q

Functional group

A

Different functional
Different chemical properties
Different physical properties

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14
Q

Hexane

A

Straight chains can pack together
Increased intermolecular forces
Higher boiling point

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15
Q

alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons
single carbon- carbo bonds and single carbon-hydrogen bonds only
-CnH2n+2
every bond is a pair of electrons is they repel each other

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16
Q

molecular formula

A

it shows the number of each type of atom

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17
Q

structural formula

A

it shows the positions of the atoms

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18
Q

displayed formula

A

displays all the bonds

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19
Q

alkanes isomerism

A

the only type of isomerism that alkanes can posses is chain isomerism this is a type pf structural isomerism

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20
Q

properties of alkanes

A

alkanes do not dissolve in. water this is because they are non polar the electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen is similar

because the water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds and alkanes by van Der wall forces they do not interact with each other

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21
Q

straight chains can pack together nicely and have increased intermolecular forces high bp than branched chains

A
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22
Q

boiling points of alkanes

A

increasing intermolecular forces causes boiling points to increase as the chain length increases
shorter chains are gases at rtp
pentane is a liquid and 18 carbon chain is a solid

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23
Q

solubility of alkanes

A

insoluble in water as waters hydrogen bonds are stronger than van Der Waals between alkanes. they mix with non polar liquid

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24
Q

fraction; distillation

A

used to separate different molecules of crude oil for different uses

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25
Q

oil refining

A

involves the separation of these hydrocarbons into mixtures which new very important and extremely Z

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26
Q
A

1)crude oil is vaporise and passed into colomn
2)the temperature of column decrease upwards
3)fractions condense at different heights

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27
Q

vacuum distillation unit

A

1)heavy residues from the fractionating column are distilled again under vacuum
2)lowering the pressure over a liquid will lower its boiling point
3)vacuum distillation allows heavier fractions to be further separated without high temp which could break them down

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28
Q

cracking

A

conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller hydrocarbon molecules by breakage of c-c

high Mr alkanes converted into smaller mr alkanes + alkanes + hydrogen

this is a chemical process involving the splitting of strong covalent bonds so requires high temperature

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29
Q

two main types of cracking

A

thermal and catalytic

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30
Q

thermal cracking conditions

A

7000kpa
400-900 degree c
produces mostly alkenes
sometimes produces hydrogen

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31
Q

catalytic cracking conditions

A

low pressure
450 degrees
zeolite catalyst
produces branched and cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons
used for making motor fuels
branched and cycle hydrocarbons burn more cleanly and are used to give fuels of a higher octane number

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32
Q

economic reasons for cracking

A

-petroleum fractions with shorter carbon chains are now in more demand than larger
-make use of excess longer hydrocarbons
-supply demand for shorter ones
-products of cracking are more valuable than the startijg materials

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33
Q

zeolite catalysts

A

honey Combe structure to give enormous surface area wthey consist of silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide 1

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34
Q

equation for the complete combustion of methane

A

ch4+2o2-> co2+ 20-2h2o

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35
Q

are alkanes reactive

A

very unreactive
wont react with acids, bases,oxidising agents
flammable
react with halogens in the right conditions

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36
Q

mmore carbons present

A

more energy released
more bonds being broken

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37
Q

what is propane used for

A

camping gas

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38
Q

probkems of burning fossil fuels

A

-carbon monoxide - toxic and odourless
-carbon itnto partiuclates due to incomplete combustion and causeds respiritory problems
-unburnt hydrocarbons

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39
Q

where does sulfur come from

A

from muscle in beings even after death sulfer emains as atoms so when burnt react wth oxygen and creates sulfer dioxude

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40
Q

why is it importn t for ur car to be swervcied regularly

A

soot is created envionmental damage

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41
Q

why do cars produce more poluution when first started up

A

engine - cold poor mixing of fuel vapour in oxygen ,need to geat up the engine

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42
Q

why is liquid dripping from a car exhaust pipe a bad sign

A

unburnt hydrocarbons

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43
Q

why carbon monoxide is toxiuc

A

asthma
carcinogens
competed with oxygen to bind to haemoglobin

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44
Q

catalytic converter

A

remove co2 and NOx and unburned hydrocarbons from the exhaust gases turning them into harmless co2 n2 and h2o

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45
Q

how converterss sadapted

A

ceramic honeycomb coated with a thin layer of catysyted metals to give a large surface area

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46
Q

free radical substitution

A

x÷y - .=unpaired electron
1) x+. electron defificnt -electrophiles
:y- takes electrons -nucleophiles
heterocatalytic fission ions are formed
2)x+ + :y-
eg. h:CL-> h+. +cl-.
the unpaired electrons in free radicals are available for bonding

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47
Q

free radicals properties

A

reactive species which posses an unpaired electeon
-their reactivity is due to them wanting to pair up the single electron
-formed by homiletic fission of covalent bond
-formed during the reaction between the chlorine and methane
-formed during thermal cracking
-involved in the reaction taking place in the ozone layer

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48
Q

Haloalkanes

A

when one of more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a halogen

contain more than one type of halogen for example CFCs contain both fluorine and fluorine atoms

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49
Q

prefixes

A

Fluoro for fluorine
Chloro for chlroine
Bromo for bromine
Iodo for iodine
-alphabetical order

50
Q

name of the halogenoalkane is based on

A

he orignal alkane
So CH3CH2CH2Br would be 1-bromopropane
The position of the halogen atom must be taken into account
So CH3CH(Br)CH3 would be 2-bromopropane
Finally the substituents are listed alphabetically
So CH3CH(Cl)CH2Br would be 1-bromo-2-chloropropane

51
Q

Halogenoalkanes can be classified as

A

primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms attached to the C-X functional group

52
Q

primary halogenoalkane

A

1
have one R group attached to the carbon linked to the halogen
when a halogen is attached to a carbon that itself is attached to one other alkyl group

53
Q

secondary halogenoalkane

A

when a halogen is attached to a carbon that itself is attached to two other alkyl groups

54
Q

bond polarity of haolegnokalnes

A

-halogens are more electronegative than carbon so the carbon bonded to the halogen has a partial positive charge it is electron deficient

attached by reagents that are electron ring -nucleophiles

more polar bond more reactive it is

55
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

a species that has a lone pair of electrons which it can form a bond by donating its electrons with which it can form a bond by donating its electrons to an electron deficient carbon atoms

56
Q

three nueclophile ions

A

oh-
cycanide - cn-
ammonium ion

57
Q

reactions with nucleophiles

A
58
Q

nucelphilic substitution

A

1)nucleophile uses its lone pair to provide the electrons for a new bond
2)the halogen is displaced carbon can only have 8 electrons in its outer shell
3)the result is subsitiution following attack by neociophil
4)the mechanism is therefore known as nucelophillic subsitiution

59
Q

easiest halogen to break off

A

iodine

60
Q

weakest to strongest bond

A

c-l
c-br
c-cl

61
Q

conditions of nucelophillic subsitiuton

A

1)aqueous solution or pot/sod hydroxde
2)reflux in aqueous sol
3)alcohol
4)hydroxide ion OH-

62
Q

isomeric alkenes being formed

A
63
Q

what is a base

A

a molecule that has the ability to accept a potion acceptor

the oh ion removes the h+ ions from the haloalkane
this gives us an elimination reaction rather than a substitution reaction

64
Q

condition for making isomeric alkenes

A

the potassium or sodium hydroxide is dissolved in ethanol and mixed with the haloalkane
there is no water present and mixture is heated

65
Q

mechanic, of elimination

A

1)the oh ion uses its lone pair to form a bond with one of the hydrogen atoms not eh carbon next to the c-br bond

66
Q

Synthetic halo alkanes

A

The reactivity of the C-X BOND means that haloalkanes play an important part in sythentic organic chemistry
The halogen can. E replaced by a variety of groups via nucleophillic substitution

67
Q

Use of haloalkanes

A

Crewsts useful polymers from halogens hydrocarbon

68
Q

Monomer of haloalkane

A

Chloroethen

69
Q

Polymer of haloalkane

A

Poly chloroethene
PVC

70
Q

Properties of Alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons -contain only h and c atoms
Have at least one double bonds between two of their carbons
Unsaturated -
Cnh2n

71
Q

What’s special about a double carbon bond

A

Each carbin have 4 outer shell electrons which it can use to form binds
When carbon forms single bonds it uses sigma bind
When carbon forms double bonds it uses ome sigma bond and one pi bond
Pi bond forms by the sideways overlap of 2 p orbitals

72
Q

Cip rules properties

A

Priority based on atomic number
All c=c compounds

73
Q

What reactions do Alkenes undergo

A

-burn in air or oxygen -unimportant too valuable to waste in this way
-important reactions occur around double carbon bond -addition reaction pi bond breaks so electrons used to join the 2 carbon atoms to other things

74
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor
Accepts a lone pair of electrons
Attracted to areas of high electron density

75
Q

Alkenes and hydrogen halides w

A

Halogenoalkanes

76
Q

Reaction with Alkenes and halogens

A

Makes dihalogenoalkanes

77
Q

Alkenes and concentrated sulfuric acid

A

Makes alkyl hydorgensulfates and in turn alcohols

78
Q

Alkenes and water

A

Makes alcohol

79
Q

stability trend in alkenes

A

-electron donating ability of alkyl groups
-each alkyl group pushed electrons towards c+ charge of carbocations
-a positive charge is spread over alkyl group
-the more the [positive charge is spread out
-the greater the stability of the carbocation

80
Q

Addition polymers

A

Made from alkene monomers
Pi binds breaks open in each monomer to join together
Produce long saturated chains containing no double bonds
Many different polymers produced from different monomers

81
Q

Plasticiser

A

Flexible
Lower boiling point
Lower melting point

82
Q

Ldpe

A

High pressure
High temperature
Via free radical mwxnjnsm
Highly branched molecule due to random nature of free radical reactions

83
Q

Hdpe

A

Pressure an temperature
Ziegler - natta catalyst
Very little branching one branch per every 200 carbon atoms

84
Q

Ldpe key characteristics

A

Can’t handle low temperature
Good resistance
Good resistance to chemicals
Low compatibility with addictive
Highly flammability

85
Q

Hdpe characteristics

A

Flexible
Weatherproof
Can handle low temps
Low cost
Good chem resistance

86
Q

Two forms of tackling plastic pollution

A

Mechanical
Feedstock

87
Q

Mechanical

A

Sperates plastics by type
Washed and ground into pellets
Can be melted and remoulded

88
Q

Feedstock

A

Heated until polymer bonds are broken -monomers are reformed
Monomers are then used to make new plastics

89
Q

Aliphatic

A

Aromatic
Oh replaces an h in a basic hydrocarbon skeleton
Cnh2h+1oh

90
Q

Aromatic

A

Oh is attached directly to the ring
An oh on a side chain of a ring behaves as a typical aliphatic alcohol
Oh group attached directly to the ring

91
Q

Structural differences between aliphatic and aromatic

A

-alcohols are classified according to the environment of the oh group
-chemical behaviour eg.oxidation ,often depend on structural type

92
Q

Advantage of of fermentation

A

-low energy process
-simple equipment
-uses renewable resources

93
Q

Cons of fermentation

A

-slow -batch processes
-produces impure ethanol

94
Q

Advantages of hydration of ethene

A

Fast
Pure ethanol produced
Continuous process

95
Q

Cons of hydration

A

High energy
Expensive plant required
Uses non renewable fossil fuels

96
Q

Oxidation of alcohols

A

Uses acidified potassium dichromate

97
Q

Primary alcohols

A

Oxidised to an aldehyde and cooh

98
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

Oxidised to a ketone

99
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

Can’t oxidesed using oxidising agent

100
Q

Mass spectrum

A

Spectra obtained for organic molecules have many peaks
Each peak is due to a particular fragment with a certain

101
Q

how optical isomers formed

A

carbonyl compounds undego nucleophillic subsitiuion
if there are two different groups attached to the c=o bond ,
the posssibility of foming optical isomers arises

102
Q

carbonyl compounds - nucleophillic addition

A

reagent - potassium cyanide and dilute acid
reflux
cn- ion
hydroxyl nitrile
hcn is a weak acid and has diffuiuvlty disaassociating
using ionic kcn produces more of the nucleophile cn-

103
Q

reaction with naBH4

A

sodium tetrahydridoborate
aqueous or alcholic solution
nucleophillic addition
h-
alc reduced to primary
ketones reduced to secondary alcs
water provides a proton

104
Q

why doesnt nabh4 reduce c=c bonds

A

-h
c=c negative
it is repelled by high electron density ofv the double carboon bond

104
Q

carbonyl compounds - reduction with hydrogen

A

hydrogen
nockel catalyst
hydrogenation - reduction w electrophillic addition
alcohols aldehydes are redyced to primary alcs
ketones reduced to secondary alcs

104
Q

two cabroxyl groups

A

dioic

104
Q

boiling point for carboxylics

A

increases as size increases
higher induce dipoole dipole interactions
higher for straight chains isomers

105
Q

solubility

A

carboxylic acidd are soluble in organic solevents

they are also soluble in water due to hyrodgen bonding

small ones dissolve readily in cold water

as mass increases the solubility decreases

benzoic acid is fairly insoluble in cold but soluble in hot water

106
Q

esterification

A

alcohol + strong acid catalyst
reflux
ester

107
Q

preperation of esters

A

alcohol + acyl chloride
reflux under dry conditions
acyl chlorides are very reactive but must be kept dry as they react with water

108
Q

preperation of esters
alcohol + acid anyhrdie

A

refluc under dry condition]acid anhydrides are not as reactive as acyl chlorides so the reaction is slower
the reaction is safer and less exo thermic
acid anhydrides are less toxic

109
Q

use of esters

A

fruitier and sweeter semll than aldehydes and ketones and are responsible for many natural flower smells

110
Q

testing fir alcohols

A

the sweet and fruit smel of an ester can be used as a test to prove its an ester

the unkown substance can be warmed with carboxylic aicd in the presence of conc sulfuric acid
it will make a sweer smeell if it was orignally an oh

if no sweer smell exces acid with its pungest vinegary smell can be removed by ading warm aq sodium carbonate sol effercesence of co2

if remaining mixture has a sweet smell of an ester this co forms that it was orignally an alcohol

111
Q

Smaller esters

A

More soluble due to their attraction to water
Less hydrophobic less repelling

112
Q

Hydrolysis of esters

A

Ester +water = Carboxylic acid + alcohol

113
Q

Hydrolysis of esters

A

If the hydrolysis takes place under alkaline conditions the organic product is a water soluble ionic salt
The Carboxylic acid can be made by treating the salt with hcl

114
Q

Acyl chloride reactions

A

Reactive organic compounds that undergo many reaction such as nucleophile addition -elimination reaction

In a nucleophillic addition elimination of a small molecule across the c=o bond followed by elimination of a small molecule
Eg. Of NAE -hydrolysis ,alcohol reactions

115
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Of acyl chlorides result in the formation of a Carboxylic acid and hcl molecule
This is a nucleophillic addition elimination reaction
A water molecule adds across the c=o bond
A hcl molecules is eliminated

116
Q

Formation of amide

A

Acyl chlorides can form amides worn primary amines and ammonia
The nitrogen atom in ammonia amd primary amine has a lone pair of electrons which can be used to attack the carbonyl carbon atom in the acyl chlorides
The product in an amide when reacted with ammonia

117
Q

Nucleophilles in nucleophillic addition elimination

A

1)ammonia
2)primary amines
3)alcohol
4)water

chem (34 decks)

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