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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chloroalkane?

A

A Chloroalkane is a compound in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane molecule have been replaced by chlorine atoms.

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2
Q

What is the main use of chloroalkanes?

A

As solvents (e.g for removing oil and grease marks from machinery)

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3
Q

Name the first four chloroalkanes.

A

monochloromethane
dichloromethane
trichloromethane
tetrachloromethane

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4
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or a series of organic compounds.

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5
Q

Define a primary alcohol.

A

A primary alcohol is one where the carbon atom joined to the -OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom.

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6
Q

Define a secondary alcohol.

A

A secondary alcohol is one where the carbon atom joined to the -OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms.

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7
Q

Define a tertiary alcohol.

A

A tertiary alcohol is one where the carbon atom joined to the -OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms.

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8
Q

Would Methanol be considered a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol?

A

primary

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9
Q

What is fermentation used for?

A

In the brewing industry to manufacture beer and cider, which have an ethanol concentration of about 4-5% v/v

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10
Q

True or False, All alcohols are toxic to a greater or lesser extent.

A

True

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11
Q

What does ethanol do to your body?

A

It is a drug that depresses the activity of the central nervous system.

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12
Q

What are the uses of ethanol?

A

A fuel (chp 21) or a solvent

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13
Q

Discuss the physical properties of alcohols in terms of boiling points.

A

Alcohols have a higher boiling point compared to the corresponding alkanes. First four alcohols are gases at room temp. The highly polar -OH

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14
Q

Discuss the physical properties of alcohols in terms of boiling points.

A

Alcohols have a higher boiling point compared to the corresponding alkanes. First four alcohols are gases at room temp. Reason: The highly polar -OH group gives rise to hydrogen bonding between the alcohol molecules, therefore extra energy is needed to break these bonds.

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15
Q

Discuss the physical properties of alcohols in terms of solubility.

A

Methanol, Ethanol and propan-1-ol are completely miscible with water. The solubility in water is due to hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules and the water molecules.

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16
Q

Discuss the distillation of ethanol.

A

It is impossible to separate ethanol and water by distillation as the two liquids form a mixture with a constant boiling point that distils over as a liquid (95% ethanol)

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17
Q

What is another way to call pure ethanol

A

absolute alcohol

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18
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

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19
Q

What is a mechanism?

A

The mechanism of a reaction is the detailed step-by-step description of how the overall reaction occurs.

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20
Q

What is a chain reaction?

A

A chain reaction is a reaction that continues on and on because a product from one step of the reaction is a reactant for another step of the reaction.

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21
Q

What lead compound increases the rate of reaction?

A

Tetraethyl lead / Pb(C2H5)4

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22
Q

Define an addition reaction.

A

An addition reaction is one in which two or more molecules react together to form a single molecule.

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23
Q

Describe the Ionic Addition Mechanism

A
  1. Polarisation
    C2H4 + Br2
    Br2 is non polar.(If HCl it is Polar)
    The double bond in C2H4 has 4 e- shared so it is highly negative. The highly negative region causes Br2 to become (if HCl, more) polarised. (Delta + and Delta -)
  2. Heterolythic Fission
    The polarisation of Br2 becomes so great that Br2 splits into two ions. (use one headed arrows to symbolise the splitting)
    Br* - *Br = Br+ + **Br-
  3. Carbonium Ion Formation
    Br+ is attracted to the highly negative region (C=C)
    Forms a bond with 1C, taking an e- from another C and creating a Carbonium Ion
  4. Ionic Addition
    The Carbonium Ion and Br- ion from 2. attract and join to for 1,2-dibromoethane.
24
Q

Discuss the evidence for the Ionic Addition Mechanism.

A

Add the Br2 in a solution of NaCl to C2H5 when the Carbonium Ions form, other ions along with Br- are attracted to it.
e.g Cl- from the NaCl make 1-bromo-2-chloroethane
OH- from the solution of NaCl (any solution means in water) make 2-bromoethanol

25
Q

What is the General Formula for Alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

26
Q

What type of bond does a Carbon molecule have in a Planar Carbon Compound

A

A multiple Bond

27
Q

Are Aldehydes Polar or Non-Polar? If they are polar, what two atoms share the polar bond?

A

Polar

Carbon and Oxygen share a double bond

28
Q

What is a use of Propanone?

A

As solvents e.g Nail Polish remover

29
Q

True or False.

Ketones and aldehydes are structural isomers

A

True

30
Q

What boiling point does ethanal and ethanol have?

A 
ethanal= 21 C
ethanol= 78 C
31
Q

What forces of attraction are found in the following:

  1. Alcohols
  2. Ketones
  3. Aldehydes
  4. Alkanes
A
  1. Hydrogen Bonding
  2. Dipole-Dipole forces
  3. Dipole-Dipole forces
  4. Van Der Waal Forces
32
Q

Which of the following have the highest boiling point?

Alcohols, Ketones, Aldehydes, Alkanes

A

Order of descending boiling points:
Alcohols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Alkanes

33
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

An Elimination reaction is one in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule to leave a double bond in the larger molecule. e.g ethanol -> ethene + water

34
Q

What is another name for an elimination reaction when water is removed?

A

A dehydration reaction

35
Q

What are the key features of a Carboxylic acid?

A

carbonyl and hydroxyl group

36
Q

What organic compound is found in the stings of nettles and ants?

A

Methanoic acid

37
Q

What is ethanoic acid used for?

A

To make cellulose acetate (which is used in nail varnishes and lacquers)

38
Q

Name the Organic compound that inhibits the growth of mould and is used as a food perservative

A

Propanoic acid

39
Q

What is Benzoic acid use for?

A

Food preservatives, antiseptic medicines, fungicide for treating skin problems such as ringworm and athlete’s foot.

40
Q

Discuss the odours in relation to Carboxylic Acids.

A

The longer-chain carboxylic acids have unpleasant odours.

41
Q

What organic compound smells of rancid butter?

A

Butanoic acid

42
Q

What organic compound smells of human sweat?

A

Various carboxylic acids

43
Q

What organic compound causes the stench of goats?

A

Decanoic acid

44
Q

What happens to ethanoic acid after the temperature falls below T degrees celsius. What temperature is T?

A

It becomes a solid called glacial acetic acid.

T=17 C

45
Q

Explain what a dimer is.

A

the molecule group together to form pairs of molecules called dimers which are held together by hydrogen bonds. This occurs in Carboxylic Acids.

46
Q

What is the boiling point of ethanoic acid?

A

118 C

47
Q

Discuss the solubility of carboxylic acids

A

All carboxylic acids are completely soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

48
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule such as water.

49
Q

What is a condensation reaction an example of?

A

Esterification reaction

50
Q

Name a suitable oxidising agent that can be used to turn a priamary alcohol into an aldehyde or an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid

A

Acidified sodium dichromate

Na2Cr2O7/H+

51
Q

Where does the word aldehyde come from?

A

ALcohol DEHYDrogenation

52
Q

In the presence of what can ketones and aldehydes be reduced back to alcohols?

A

hydrogen and a nickel catalyst

H2/Ni

53
Q

Ionic Substitution Mechanism

A

1.Inititation
Cl* - *Cl
UV light causes the bond in Cl2 to break (photolythic fission)
Homolythic fission as it forms 2 Chloro free radicals (include the one headed arrows)

2.Propagation
A Chloro free radical attacks a methane molecule and takes a H

Cl* + CH4 = HCl + *CH3 (methyl free radical)

3.Propagation
a methyl free radical attacks a chlorine molecule (Cl2)
and takes a Cl forming monochloromethane and a chloro free radical

*CH3 + Cl-Cl = CH3Cl + *Cl

A Chain reaction is step up between steps 2 and 3

4. Termination
only terminate when all free radicals are used up 
1. Cl* + Cl* -> Cl2
2. Cl* + *CH3 -> CH3Cl
*CH3 + *CH3. -> C2H6 (ethane)
54
Q

What is another way of saying the Ionic substitution mechanism

A

The Monochlorination of Methane

55
Q

Discuss the physical properties of Chloroalkanes.

A

The carbon-chloride bond in a chloroalkane has some polarity but not enough to allow the chloroalkanes to dissolve in water

56
Q

What carbon compound is formed easily from materials of plant or animal origins and contributes to the greenhouse effect that causes global warming?

A

Methane (CH4)

Chemistry (15 decks)

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