Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Four characteristics of organic compounds.

Answer 1

• consists of large amounts of carbon
• mostly a living origin
• form CO² when burn in oxygen
• large and complex molecules

Question 2

Four characteristics of inorganic compounds.

Answer 2

• consists of single carbon atoms eg. CO², CO
• Usually not a living origin
• Don’t form CO² when burn in oxygen
• Small and simple molecules

Question 3

Seven roles of water.

Answer 3

• Universal solvent
• Reagent in biochemical reactions
• Medium in which biochemical reactions occur
• Transport medium eg. Blood
• Medium in which some plants and animals live
• Germination of seeds
• Regulation of temperature

Question 4

Definition of macro nutrients.

Answer 4

Macro nutrients are important for body systems to function properly and are needed in large quantities eg. C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Mg, Na.

Question 5

Definition of micro nutrients.

Answer 5

Micro nutrients are needed for body systems to function properly and are needed in small quantities eg. I, Zn, Fe

Question 6

What is iron needed for?

Answer 6

To make haemoglobin

Question 7

Where is haemoglobin found?

Answer 7

Red blood corpuscles

Question 8

What is the function of haemoglobin?

Answer 8

Transport oxygen in blood throughout the body

Question 9

What does an iron deficiency lead to?

Answer 9

Anemia

Question 10

How is anemia characterized?

Answer 10

Pale skin and tiredness

Question 11

Give names of foods rich in iron.

Answer 11

Green leafy veg, red meat and beans.

Question 12

What does iron form part of? (Processes)

Answer 12

Part of enzyme and energy production

Question 13

What is calcium needed for in the body?

Answer 13

Muscle function and bone strength

Question 14

What can a deficiency of calcium cause?

Answer 14

Osteoporosis, an irregular heartbeat and muscle spasms

Question 15

What is the deficiency of calcium mainly found in children?

Answer 15

Rickets

Question 16

Why does osteoporosis occur more in older women than in men?

Answer 16

They have given birth to children and their calcium has been used to form and strengthen the baby’s skeleton, and not been replaced, therefore their skeleton weakens and breaks down over time.

Question 17

What is needed to produce the hormone thyroxine?

Answer 17

Iodine

Question 18

What does thyroxine control in the human body?

Answer 18

Our metabolism.

Question 19

Give a good source of iodine.

Answer 19

Seafood

Question 20

What can a deficiency of iodine lead to?

Answer 20

Can lead to a goitre (swelling of the thyroid gland) this is known as hypothyroidism.

Question 21

To what can hypothyroidism also lead to?

Answer 21

Stomach and breast cancer and mental retardation

Question 22

Where is an iodine deficiency common?

Answer 22

Landlocked countries

Question 23

What is meant when salt is iodated?

Answer 23

Means that there is iodine added to the salt

Question 24

What do vitamins and minerals serve as in processes like cell respiration?

Answer 24

Regulating substances

Question 25

Where do we get vitamins and minerals from?

Answer 25

Fruit and vegetables

Question 26

What is vitamin A help with?

Answer 26

Good eye sight and healthy mucous membranes.

Question 27

Where can vitamin A be found?

Answer 27

Meat and dairy products

Question 28

What is beta-carotene?

Answer 28

Precursor of vitamin A.

Question 29

Where can beta-carotene be found?

Answer 29

Comes form green leafy vegetables and intensely coloured fruits and vegetables

Question 30

Is vitamin B a group of just one vitamin?

Answer 30

Group of B-vitamins (complex)

Question 31

What do the B-vitamins play a role in?

Answer 31

Metabolic processes

Question 32

Where can vitamin B be found?

Answer 32

Fortified breads, cereals, fish, lean meats and milk.

Question 33

What is vitamin C required for?

Answer 33

Maintenance of connective tissues and healthy immune system.

Question 34

What is vitamin C's scientific name?

Answer 34

Ascorbic acid

Question 35

What is a vitamin C deficiency?

Answer 35

Scurvy

Question 36

What is symptoms classify scurvy?

Answer 36

Weakness, anemia, bruising, bleeding gums and loose teeth

Question 37

What has lots of vitamin C?

Answer 37

Fresh fruit and vegetables, like strawberries and kiwi

Question 38

What does vitamin D play a role in?

Answer 38

Aids calcium absorption and is important for strong teeth and bones

Question 39

Through what can vitamin D be obtained?

Answer 39

Exposure to sunlight, eating cheese, fish, butter, and fortified bread and cereals.

Question 40

By what is vitamin K produced?

Answer 40

E.Coli in the colon

Question 41

What is vitamin K vital for?

Answer 41

Clotting of blood

Question 42

Where can vitamin K be found?

Answer 42

Green, leafy vegetables like cabbage and spinach as well as in cereals

Question 43

What 3 groups can carbohydrates be classified into?

Answer 43

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and and polysaccharides

Question 44

How many carbon rings are in a monosaccharide structure?

Answer 44

6 carbon rings

Question 45

Give the 3 names of monosaccharides.

Answer 45

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

Question 46

What type of carbohydrate is DNA?

Answer 46

Monosaccharide (5 Carbon ring structure)

Question 47

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 47

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 48

What does RNA srand for?

Answer 48

Ribonucleic acid

Question 49

Glucose + Glucose → ?

Answer 49

Maltose (malt sugar)

Question 50

Glucose + Fructose → ?

Answer 50

Sucrose (cane sugar)

Question 51

Glucose + Galactose → ?

Answer 51

Lactose

Question 52

Glucose + ? → Maltose (malt sugar)

Answer 52

Glucose

Question 53

Glucose + ? → Sucrose ( cane sugar )

Answer 53

Fructose

Question 54

Glucose + ? →Lactose (milk sugar)

Answer 54

Galactose

Question 55

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 55

In the liver and muscles

Question 56

What is starch made up of?

Answer 56

Chains of glucose

Question 57

What is the test for starch?

Answer 57

Iodine solution

Question 58

What will happen to the starch test when starch is present?

Answer 58

Changes starch into blueish/purple colour (appears black)

Question 59

What elements are proteins made of? Give four elements.

Answer 59

C, H, O, N

Question 60

What are proteins?

Answer 60

Polymers

Question 61

What are polymers?

Answer 61

Large molecules

Question 62

What do polymers consist of?

Answer 62

Monomers

Question 63

What is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 63

Amino acids

Question 64

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 64

20 different kinds

Question 65

What are biological catalysts?

Answer 65

Initiate or accelerate reactions without taking part themselves?

Question 66

What does it mean if enzymes are temperature specific?

Answer 66

Denature at high temp, inactive at low temp

Question 67

What does it mean if enzymes are pH specific?

Answer 67

Wrong pH causes enzymes to denature.

Question 68

Give another thing enzymes are specific over?

Answer 68

Substrate (that which they work on like a protein)

Question 69

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 69

Protein deficiency

Question 70

What happens to body if the person has kwashiorkor?

Answer 70

Metabolic water stored in tummy, excess metabolic water, therefore tummy bloats and occurs bigger

Question 71

What do the substrate and enzyme form temporarily?

Answer 71

Temporary enzyme complex

Question 72

What is the test for proteins also called?

Answer 72

Biuret test

Question 73

What is the test solution for protein?

Answer 73

Copper sulfate

Question 74

What colour does the solution of copper sulfate turn to if proteins are present?

Answer 74

Violet (occur purple)

Question 75

What solution is used to test for sugars?

Answer 75

Benedict's solution

Question 76

What are proteins needed for?

Answer 76

Growth and repair and replacement of tissues

Question 77

What is a biochemical reaction that builds up?

Answer 77

Anabolism (Anna)

Question 78

What is a biochemical reaction that breaks down?

Answer 78

Catabolic (cat)

Question 79

Give an equation for lipids

Answer 79

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids →1 fat

Question 80

What are fats used for?

Answer 80

Reserve energy

Question 81

What part of the cell do fats form part of?

Answer 81

The cell membrane

Question 82

Give two functions of fats.

Answer 82

Insulate the body and prevent heat loss as well as generate heat. Protect vital organs against injury.

Question 83

From which foods can fat be obtained?

Answer 83

Butter, cheese, cream and oils (palm and coconut)

Question 84

What vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 84

A, D, E, K

Question 85

What are the two types of cholesterol?

Answer 85

LDL and HDL

Question 86

Which cholesterol is bad?

Answer 86

LDL

Question 87

What happens when you have LDL cholesterol?

Answer 87

Arteries narrow

Question 88

What illness can be caused by LDL cholesterol?

Answer 88

Herat attack and stroke

Question 89

What is the function of HDL cholesterol?

Answer 89

Prevent heart disease

Question 90

What can't fats dissolve in?

Answer 90

Water

Question 91

What can fats dissolve in?

Answer 91

Alcohol

Question 92

What does it mean when we say that fats are hydrophobic?

Answer 92

They push water off

Question 93

What is cholesterol made of and how does it appear?

Answer 93

Made of hormones and cell membranes and it appears white and waxy.

Question 94

Where is cholesterol obtained from?

Answer 94

Produced in liver and and obtained from food

Question 95

What is a illness caused by cholesterol?

Answer 95

Atherosclerosis

Question 96

What happens when a person is diagnosed with atherosclerosis?

Answer 96

Too much cholesterol will cause clotting in the arteries and veins which will cause them to narrow

Question 97

Where is HDL cholesterol transported?

Answer 97

Out of arteries and to the liver

Question 98

What does LDL cholesterol do?

Answer 98

Forms plague that deposits in arteries and brain