Organic Chemistry 1 - Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards
What is organic chemistry
It is the study of organic compounds made of the chemistry of carbon
What does catenate mean
It means an element can form long chain, ring and cage structures
What features does carbon have
4 outer electrons
Forms strong covalent bonds
Catenate
What is a functional group
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule
What are homologous series
It is a family of compounds that all contain the same functional group and can be represented by the same generic formula
What is a molecular formula
The actual numbers of atoms of each element in a compound
What is an empirical formula
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is a general formula
It is a type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds
What is a structural formula
This shows the unique arrangement of the atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
What is a displayed formula
This shows every atom and bond in a molecule
What is a sketetal formula
This shows the carbon chain skeleton of a compound with all the hydrogen atoms removed leaving just the functional groups attached
What are alkyl groups
The groups are attached to organic molecules and are derived from alkanes with a missing H
e.g. methyl
How to name branched chains
Find the longest chain
Number the chain starting nearest the branch
Identify the branches and number them
Name the compound
What are cycloalkanes
Molecules which form circles by each end of the chain connecting
Generic formula Cn H2n
What are Haloalkanes
They are alkanes with halogens instead of hydrogens
What are alkenes
A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the generic formula
CnH2n
Ends in -ene
What are alcohols
Functional group -OH
suffix -ol
prefix hydroxy
What are aldehydes
Functional group CO with double oxygen bond
Suffix - al
What are ketones
Functional group double oxygen bond
Suffix -one
Prefix oxo-
What are carboxylic acids
Functional group COOH
Suffix -oic acid
What are nitriles
Functional group triple bond with Nitrogen
Suffix -nitrile
What are amines
Functional group NH2
Suffix -amine
prefix amino-
What are structural isomerism
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
What are Stereo Isomerism
Compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but the bonds are arranged differently in space
What type of structural isomerism’s are there
Chain
Positional
Functional group
What type of stereo isomerism’s are there
Geometric
Optical Year 13
What are chain isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but the carbon chains are different
How does branching influence boiling point
As branching increases, BP decreases
Because molecules dont pack as closely so WDV forces weaker
What are position isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but the functional groups are in different positions on the carbon chain
What are functional group isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but containing different functional groups
What pairs of functional groups are similar`
Alkenes and cycloalkanes
Alcohols and ethers
Aldehydes and ketones
What are geometric isomers
E-Z isomers are compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of the bonds in space
Both sides of the double carbon bond must have different groups attached. Steroisomerism occurs because there is no rotation around the double carbon bond
What does E and Z stand for
E = opposite
Z=Together
What is crude oil
It is the worlds major source of hydrocarbons
It is a fossil fuel
It is found under the sea bed
How is crude oil separated into chains
Fractional distillations
What is fractional distillation
It is when crude oil is vaporised and each chain condenses at certain points in the column based on their boiling points
What substances can you get from crude oil
Liquefied petroleum gas
Petrol
Naptha
Kerosene
Diesel
Residue - Fuel oil, Wax, Grease, Bitumen
How can purer products be obtained
Secondary distillations
What is the main problem with crude oil
There is less supply of the shorter chains which are more in demand
What is cracking
It is the process of taking larger, less useful hydrocarbon molecules and breaking them down to form smaller more useful molecules
What is the general equation for cracking
Big alkanes –> Smaller alkanes + Alkenes (+ hydrogen)
What types of cracking are there
Thermal Cracking
Catalytic Cracking
What is thermal cracking
Cracking requiring
High Temp 800 degrees
Produces a high % of alkenes
Involves a free radical mechanism
What is catalytic Cracking
Uses a high Temp 450 degrees
Slight pressure
Zeolite catalyst
Produces mainly branched chain alkanes used as motor fuels
Why are alkanes almost non-polar
The electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are so similar
Why are alkanes insoluble in water
The hydrogen bonds in water are stronger the the WdV’s in the alkanes
What are the products of the combustion of alkanes
Water and carbon dioxide
What products are formed from the incomplete combustion of alkanes
Carbon monoxide
Water
Carbon
Why is carbon monoxide bad
Poisonous
What does sulphur dioxide cause
Acid rain
How are nitrogen oxides formed
The heat from the engine causes the oxygen and nitrogen to react
What problems do nitrogen oxides cause
Acid rain
Photochemical smog
What is a flue gas
They are the waste gases given out by power stations
What is flue gas desulphurisation
The process of removing the sulfur dioxide
How does flue gas desulphurisation work
Water and calcium oxide are sprayed into the gas reacting with the sulphur dioxide
Calcium carbonate can also be used
What is the product of flue gas desulphurisation
Gypsum and used to plaster and plasterboard
What are catalytic converters and what are they used for
Reduce the output of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
They convert to carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen
What metals are used in catalytic converters
Palladium
Platinum
Why are metals in catalylic converters spread on a honeycomb of ceramic
Large surface area
More efficient use of metals
What are the 3 main greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxiude
Water vapour
Methane
Why is the greenhouse effect important
It absorbs and traps the energy from the sun
What is carbon neutral activity mean
Activities that produce no carbon dioxide
What happens when an alkane and halogen are mixed
Nothing in the Dark
Explosive reaction exposed to light
What are free radical substitution reactions
They are chain reactions which take place in 3 stages
What are the stages of Free Radical substitution reactions
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
What is Initiation
It is when the free radicals are formed
Cl2 –> 2Cl.
What is propagation
The radicals are used and reformed in a chain reaction
CH4 + Cl. –> .CH3 + HCl
.CH3 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl.
What is termination
Radicals removed
.CH3 + .Cl –> CH3Cl
.CH3 + .CH3 –> CH3CH3
What is Ozone
O3
What does ozone do
It acts as a barrier preventing too much UV radiation from the Sun passing through
What causes the depletion of ozone
CFC’s
Chlorofluorocarbons
What are the uses of CFC’s
Refrigerator coolants
Aerosol propellants
Dray cleaning solvents
What happens when CFC’s reach the atmosphere
UV light breaks the C-Cl bond forming a Cl. radical
What does the chlorine radical do to ozone
O3 + Cl. –> O2 + Cl.O
O3 + Cl.O –> 2o2 + Cl.
What are the alternatives to CFC’s
HCF’s
Hydrofluorocarbons
No chlorine –> No chlorine radical
What problem does ozone cause at ground level
lung irritation and defoliation of trees
State the meaning of fraction in fractional distillation
A group of compounds with similar boiling points
