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Chemistry A Level > Organic Chemistry 1 - Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 1 - Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry

A

It is the study of organic compounds made of the chemistry of carbon

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2
Q

What does catenate mean

A

It means an element can form long chain, ring and cage structures

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3
Q

What features does carbon have

A

4 outer electrons
Forms strong covalent bonds
Catenate

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4
Q

What is a functional group

A

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule

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5
Q

What are homologous series

A

It is a family of compounds that all contain the same functional group and can be represented by the same generic formula

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6
Q

What is a molecular formula

A

The actual numbers of atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

What is an empirical formula

A

The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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8
Q

What is a general formula

A

It is a type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds

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9
Q

What is a structural formula

A

This shows the unique arrangement of the atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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10
Q

What is a displayed formula

A

This shows every atom and bond in a molecule

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11
Q

What is a sketetal formula

A

This shows the carbon chain skeleton of a compound with all the hydrogen atoms removed leaving just the functional groups attached

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12
Q

What are alkyl groups

A

The groups are attached to organic molecules and are derived from alkanes with a missing H
e.g. methyl

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13
Q

How to name branched chains

A

Find the longest chain
Number the chain starting nearest the branch
Identify the branches and number them
Name the compound

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14
Q

What are cycloalkanes

A

Molecules which form circles by each end of the chain connecting
Generic formula Cn H2n

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15
Q

What are Haloalkanes

A

They are alkanes with halogens instead of hydrogens

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16
Q

What are alkenes

A

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the generic formula
CnH2n
Ends in -ene

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17
Q

What are alcohols

A

Functional group -OH
suffix -ol
prefix hydroxy

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18
Q

What are aldehydes

A

Functional group CO with double oxygen bond
Suffix - al

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19
Q

What are ketones

A

Functional group double oxygen bond
Suffix -one
Prefix oxo-

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20
Q

What are carboxylic acids

A

Functional group COOH
Suffix -oic acid

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21
Q

What are nitriles

A

Functional group triple bond with Nitrogen
Suffix -nitrile

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22
Q

What are amines

A

Functional group NH2
Suffix -amine
prefix amino-

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23
Q

What are structural isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

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24
Q

What are Stereo Isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but the bonds are arranged differently in space

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25
Q

What type of structural isomerism’s are there

A

Chain
Positional
Functional group

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26
Q

What type of stereo isomerism’s are there

A

Geometric
Optical Year 13

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27
Q

What are chain isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but the carbon chains are different

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28
Q

How does branching influence boiling point

A

As branching increases, BP decreases
Because molecules dont pack as closely so WDV forces weaker

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29
Q

What are position isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but the functional groups are in different positions on the carbon chain

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30
Q

What are functional group isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but containing different functional groups

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31
Q

What pairs of functional groups are similar`

A

Alkenes and cycloalkanes
Alcohols and ethers
Aldehydes and ketones

32
Q

What are geometric isomers

A

E-Z isomers are compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of the bonds in space
Both sides of the double carbon bond must have different groups attached. Steroisomerism occurs because there is no rotation around the double carbon bond

33
Q

What does E and Z stand for

A

E = opposite
Z=Together

34
Q

What is crude oil

A

It is the worlds major source of hydrocarbons
It is a fossil fuel
It is found under the sea bed

35
Q

How is crude oil separated into chains

A

Fractional distillations

36
Q

What is fractional distillation

A

It is when crude oil is vaporised and each chain condenses at certain points in the column based on their boiling points

37
Q

What substances can you get from crude oil

A

Liquefied petroleum gas
Petrol
Naptha
Kerosene
Diesel
Residue - Fuel oil, Wax, Grease, Bitumen

38
Q

How can purer products be obtained

A

Secondary distillations

39
Q

What is the main problem with crude oil

A

There is less supply of the shorter chains which are more in demand

40
Q

What is cracking

A

It is the process of taking larger, less useful hydrocarbon molecules and breaking them down to form smaller more useful molecules

41
Q

What is the general equation for cracking

A

Big alkanes –> Smaller alkanes + Alkenes (+ hydrogen)

42
Q

What types of cracking are there

A

Thermal Cracking
Catalytic Cracking

43
Q

What is thermal cracking

A

Cracking requiring
High Temp 800 degrees
Produces a high % of alkenes
Involves a free radical mechanism

44
Q

What is catalytic Cracking

A

Uses a high Temp 450 degrees
Slight pressure
Zeolite catalyst
Produces mainly branched chain alkanes used as motor fuels

45
Q

Why are alkanes almost non-polar

A

The electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are so similar

46
Q

Why are alkanes insoluble in water

A

The hydrogen bonds in water are stronger the the WdV’s in the alkanes

47
Q

What are the products of the combustion of alkanes

A

Water and carbon dioxide

48
Q

What products are formed from the incomplete combustion of alkanes

A

Carbon monoxide
Water
Carbon

49
Q

Why is carbon monoxide bad

A

Poisonous

50
Q

What does sulphur dioxide cause

A

Acid rain

51
Q

How are nitrogen oxides formed

A

The heat from the engine causes the oxygen and nitrogen to react

52
Q

What problems do nitrogen oxides cause

A

Acid rain
Photochemical smog

53
Q

What is a flue gas

A

They are the waste gases given out by power stations

54
Q

What is flue gas desulphurisation

A

The process of removing the sulfur dioxide

55
Q

How does flue gas desulphurisation work

A

Water and calcium oxide are sprayed into the gas reacting with the sulphur dioxide
Calcium carbonate can also be used

56
Q

What is the product of flue gas desulphurisation

A

Gypsum and used to plaster and plasterboard

57
Q

What are catalytic converters and what are they used for

A

Reduce the output of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
They convert to carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen

58
Q

What metals are used in catalytic converters

A

Palladium
Platinum

59
Q

Why are metals in catalylic converters spread on a honeycomb of ceramic

A

Large surface area
More efficient use of metals

60
Q

What are the 3 main greenhouse gases

A

Carbon dioxiude
Water vapour
Methane

61
Q

Why is the greenhouse effect important

A

It absorbs and traps the energy from the sun

62
Q

What is carbon neutral activity mean

A

Activities that produce no carbon dioxide

63
Q

What happens when an alkane and halogen are mixed

A

Nothing in the Dark
Explosive reaction exposed to light

64
Q

What are free radical substitution reactions

A

They are chain reactions which take place in 3 stages

65
Q

What are the stages of Free Radical substitution reactions

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

66
Q

What is Initiation

A

It is when the free radicals are formed
Cl2 –> 2Cl.

67
Q

What is propagation

A

The radicals are used and reformed in a chain reaction
CH4 + Cl. –> .CH3 + HCl
.CH3 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl.

68
Q

What is termination

A

Radicals removed
.CH3 + .Cl –> CH3Cl
.CH3 + .CH3 –> CH3CH3

69
Q

What is Ozone

A

O3

70
Q

What does ozone do

A

It acts as a barrier preventing too much UV radiation from the Sun passing through

71
Q

What causes the depletion of ozone

A

CFC’s
Chlorofluorocarbons

72
Q

What are the uses of CFC’s

A

Refrigerator coolants
Aerosol propellants
Dray cleaning solvents

73
Q

What happens when CFC’s reach the atmosphere

A

UV light breaks the C-Cl bond forming a Cl. radical

74
Q

What does the chlorine radical do to ozone

A

O3 + Cl. –> O2 + Cl.O

O3 + Cl.O –> 2o2 + Cl.

75
Q

What are the alternatives to CFC’s

A

HCF’s
Hydrofluorocarbons
No chlorine –> No chlorine radical

76
Q

What problem does ozone cause at ground level

A

lung irritation and defoliation of trees

77
Q

State the meaning of fraction in fractional distillation

A

A group of compounds with similar boiling points

Chemistry A Level (20 decks)

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