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Chemistry A Level > Organic Chemistry 1 - Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry 1 - Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is organic chemistry

A

It is the study of organic compounds made of the chemistry of carbon

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2
Q

What does catenate mean

A

It means an element can form long chain, ring and cage structures

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3
Q

What features does carbon have

A

4 outer electrons
Forms strong covalent bonds
Catenate

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4
Q

What is a functional group

A

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule

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5
Q

What are homologous series

A

It is a family of compounds that all contain the same functional group and can be represented by the same generic formula

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6
Q

What is a molecular formula

A

The actual numbers of atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

What is an empirical formula

A

The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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8
Q

What is a general formula

A

It is a type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds

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9
Q

What is a structural formula

A

This shows the unique arrangement of the atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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10
Q

What is a displayed formula

A

This shows every atom and bond in a molecule

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11
Q

What is a sketetal formula

A

This shows the carbon chain skeleton of a compound with all the hydrogen atoms removed leaving just the functional groups attached

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12
Q

What are alkyl groups

A

The groups are attached to organic molecules and are derived from alkanes with a missing H
e.g. methyl

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13
Q

How to name branched chains

A

Find the longest chain
Number the chain starting nearest the branch
Identify the branches and number them
Name the compound

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14
Q

What are cycloalkanes

A

Molecules which form circles by each end of the chain connecting
Generic formula Cn H2n

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15
Q

What are Haloalkanes

A

They are alkanes with halogens instead of hydrogens

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16
Q

What are alkenes

A

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the generic formula
CnH2n
Ends in -ene

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17
Q

What are alcohols

A

Functional group -OH
suffix -ol
prefix hydroxy

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18
Q

What are aldehydes

A

Functional group CO with double oxygen bond
Suffix - al

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19
Q

What are ketones

A

Functional group double oxygen bond
Suffix -one
Prefix oxo-

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20
Q

What are carboxylic acids

A

Functional group COOH
Suffix -oic acid

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21
Q

What are nitriles

A

Functional group triple bond with Nitrogen
Suffix -nitrile

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22
Q

What are amines

A

Functional group NH2
Suffix -amine
prefix amino-

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23
Q

What are structural isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

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24
Q

What are Stereo Isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but the bonds are arranged differently in space

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25
What type of structural isomerism's are there
Chain Positional Functional group
26
What type of stereo isomerism's are there
Geometric Optical Year 13
27
What are chain isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but the carbon chains are different
28
How does branching influence boiling point
As branching increases, BP decreases Because molecules dont pack as closely so WDV forces weaker
29
What are position isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but the functional groups are in different positions on the carbon chain
30
What are functional group isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but containing different functional groups
31
What pairs of functional groups are similar`
Alkenes and cycloalkanes Alcohols and ethers Aldehydes and ketones
32
What are geometric isomers
E-Z isomers are compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement of the bonds in space Both sides of the double carbon bond must have different groups attached. Steroisomerism occurs because there is no rotation around the double carbon bond
33
What does E and Z stand for
E = opposite Z=Together
34
What is crude oil
It is the worlds major source of hydrocarbons It is a fossil fuel It is found under the sea bed
35
How is crude oil separated into chains
Fractional distillations
36
What is fractional distillation
It is when crude oil is vaporised and each chain condenses at certain points in the column based on their boiling points
37
What substances can you get from crude oil
Liquefied petroleum gas Petrol Naptha Kerosene Diesel Residue - Fuel oil, Wax, Grease, Bitumen
38
How can purer products be obtained
Secondary distillations
39
What is the main problem with crude oil
There is less supply of the shorter chains which are more in demand
40
What is cracking
It is the process of taking larger, less useful hydrocarbon molecules and breaking them down to form smaller more useful molecules
41
What is the general equation for cracking
Big alkanes --> Smaller alkanes + Alkenes (+ hydrogen)
42
What types of cracking are there
Thermal Cracking Catalytic Cracking
43
What is thermal cracking
Cracking requiring High Temp 800 degrees Produces a high % of alkenes Involves a free radical mechanism
44
What is catalytic Cracking
Uses a high Temp 450 degrees Slight pressure Zeolite catalyst Produces mainly branched chain alkanes used as motor fuels
45
Why are alkanes almost non-polar
The electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are so similar
46
Why are alkanes insoluble in water
The hydrogen bonds in water are stronger the the WdV's in the alkanes
47
What are the products of the combustion of alkanes
Water and carbon dioxide
48
What products are formed from the incomplete combustion of alkanes
Carbon monoxide Water Carbon
49
Why is carbon monoxide bad
Poisonous
50
What does sulphur dioxide cause
Acid rain
51
How are nitrogen oxides formed
The heat from the engine causes the oxygen and nitrogen to react
52
What problems do nitrogen oxides cause
Acid rain Photochemical smog
53
What is a flue gas
They are the waste gases given out by power stations
54
What is flue gas desulphurisation
The process of removing the sulfur dioxide
55
How does flue gas desulphurisation work
Water and calcium oxide are sprayed into the gas reacting with the sulphur dioxide Calcium carbonate can also be used
56
What is the product of flue gas desulphurisation
Gypsum and used to plaster and plasterboard
57
What are catalytic converters and what are they used for
Reduce the output of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides They convert to carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen
58
What metals are used in catalytic converters
Palladium Platinum
59
Why are metals in catalylic converters spread on a honeycomb of ceramic
Large surface area More efficient use of metals
60
What are the 3 main greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxiude Water vapour Methane
61
Why is the greenhouse effect important
It absorbs and traps the energy from the sun
62
What is carbon neutral activity mean
Activities that produce no carbon dioxide
63
What happens when an alkane and halogen are mixed
Nothing in the Dark Explosive reaction exposed to light
64
What are free radical substitution reactions
They are chain reactions which take place in 3 stages
65
What are the stages of Free Radical substitution reactions
Initiation Propagation Termination
66
What is Initiation
It is when the free radicals are formed Cl2 --> 2Cl.
67
What is propagation
The radicals are used and reformed in a chain reaction CH4 + Cl. --> .CH3 + HCl .CH3 + Cl2 --> CH3Cl + Cl.
68
What is termination
Radicals removed .CH3 + .Cl --> CH3Cl .CH3 + .CH3 --> CH3CH3
69
What is Ozone
O3
70
What does ozone do
It acts as a barrier preventing too much UV radiation from the Sun passing through
71
What causes the depletion of ozone
CFC's Chlorofluorocarbons
72
What are the uses of CFC's
Refrigerator coolants Aerosol propellants Dray cleaning solvents
73
What happens when CFC's reach the atmosphere
UV light breaks the C-Cl bond forming a Cl. radical
74
What does the chlorine radical do to ozone
O3 + Cl. --> O2 + Cl.O O3 + Cl.O --> 2o2 + Cl.
75
What are the alternatives to CFC's
HCF's Hydrofluorocarbons No chlorine --> No chlorine radical
76
What problem does ozone cause at ground level
lung irritation and defoliation of trees
77
State the meaning of fraction in fractional distillation
A group of compounds with similar boiling points

Chemistry A Level (20 decks)

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