Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry A Level > Chapter 26, 27 - Organic Chemistry Y13 > Flashcards

Chapter 26, 27 - Organic Chemistry Y13 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an alkene

A

Double carbon bond
CnH2n
-ene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an alcohol

A

OH
-ol
hydroxy-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an ether

A

O in the middle
-oxy-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Haloalkanes

A

-halogen
Chloro-
Brromo-
iodo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are aldehydes

A

Double oxygen bond on the end of chain
-al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Ketones

A

Double oxygen bond in the middle of chain
-one
oxo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are carboxylic acids

A

COOH
-oic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are nitriles

A

CN
-nitrile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are arenes (aromatics)

A

C6H6
-benzene
-phen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are amines

A

NH2
-amine
amino-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are esters

A

COO
-oate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are amides

A

Double oxygen bond and NH2
-amide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are acyl chlorides

A

Double oxygen bond and chloride
-oyl chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are acid anhydride

A

Double oxygen bond - oxygen - double oxygen bond
-anyhydride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes carboxylic acids have high boiling points

A

Hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to solubility of carboxylic acids as Mr increases

A

It decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are small carboxylic acids soluble

A

They can hydrogen bond with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can carboxylic acids be made

A

Oxidation of aldehydes
Reflux of primary alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of acids are carboxylic acids

A

Weak acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What reactions can carboxylic acids do

A

Bases
Alkali’s
Metals
Carbonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What rate of reactions are carboxylic acid reactions

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are esters named

A

The first part of the name is the side with the second oxygen on it
The second part is the carbon in the COO and any to the other side of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the uses of esters

A

Food flavouring’s
Solvents
Perfumes
Plasticiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name for making esters

A

esterification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can esters be made

A

Reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols
Reversible and slow reaction
Forms water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What reactions can esters do

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is hydroylsis

A

The reverse of esterification
Reaction of ester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What conditions can hydrolysis be done in

A

Acidic or alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is hydrolysis in acidic conditions like

A

Reaction of ester with water forms carboxylic acid and alcohol
Reaction is slow and reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is hydrolysis in alkaline conditions like

A

Reaction of ester with strong base forms salt of carboxylic acid and an alcohol
Not reversible
Saponification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the other uses of esters

A

Making soap
making bio diesel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are lipids

A

They are naturally occurring esters that are found in animal fat and vegetable oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do lipids consist of

A

3 long chain carboxylic acids, known as fatty acids, joined through glycerol which has 3 alcohol groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the fatty acids like

A

Saturated or non-saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are lipids derived from mainly unsaturated fatty acids like

A

Liquids at room temperature and are called oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are lipids derived from mainly saturated fatty acids like

A

Solids and called fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How is soap made

A

Saponification
Made from heating fats/oils with sodium or potassium hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do soaps work

A

2 ends
Long hydrocarbon chain (water repelling)
Short ionic end (water attracting part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is biodiesel

A

It is a fuel that can be used in most diesel engines in place of diesel made from crude oil
They are methyl esters of long chain carboxylic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How are bio diesels made

A

Reacting lipids in vegetable oils with methanol using a potassium hydroxide cataylst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How bioethanol is produced

A

Fermentation
Converting of glucose into alcohols and carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How is glucose made

A

It is made through photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Plants take in carbon dioxide and water and convert it into glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How is bio ethanol used as a fuel

A

It undergoes combustion releasing energy
2C2H5OH + 6O2 → 6H2O + 4CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the problems with bio ethanol

A

Deforestation / Sacrifice land that could be
used for food
Loss of biodiversity / habitat
6CO2 in and 6CO2 out but It isn’t actually C neutral as fuel is used in production, distribution, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is an acyl group

A

CO
Double bond with oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are acid derivitives

A

They are a group of compounds all which have the acyl group within their structure

47
Q

What are the acid derivitives

A

Acyl chlorides
Acid Anhydrides
Amides

48
Q

What reactions do acyl chlorides do

A

Water
Alcohols
Ammonia
Primary Amines

49
Q

What is acylation

A

It is the process of introducing an acyl group into another molecule

50
Q

How does acyl chlorides react with water
(hydrolysis)
Mechanism Name

A

They react to form a carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride
Nucleophilic addition- elimination mechanism

51
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chlorides with water like

A

Lone pair on oxygen from water reacts with carbon with the double oxygen bond
One of the bonds breaks with oxygen towards oxygen atom
Lone pair on oxygen reacts with carbon to form a double bond
Bond with chlorine breaks
Bond between oxygen and hydrogen breaks from water towards oxygen

52
Q

What does the reaction between acyl chlorides and alcohols form

A

Esters and hydrogen chloride
Nucleophilic addition - eliminations mechanism

53
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chlorides with alcohols like

A

Lone pair from OH reacts with carbon in acyl group
One of the bonds between carbon and oxygen breaks towards oxygen atom
Lone pair on oxygen reacts with carbon forming double bond
Bond between carbon ad chlorine breaks
Bond between hydrogen and oxygen breaks from alcohol towards oxygen atom

54
Q

What are the benefits of making esters from acyl chlorides and alcohols

A

not reversible and faster

55
Q

What does the reaction between acyl chlorides and ammonia form

A

Amide and ammonium chloride
Nucleophilic addition - elimination mechanism

56
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chlorides with ammonia like

A

Lone pair from ammonia reacts with carbon from acyl group
One of the Bonds between oxygen and carbon breaks towards oxygen
Lone pair on oxygen reacts with carbon forming a double bond
The bond between the carbon and chlorine breaks
Other NH3 reacts with Hydrogen from ammonia

57
Q

What does the reaction between acyl chlorides and primary amines form

A

N- substituted amide
ammonia chloride + chain

58
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chlorides with primary amines like

A

Lone pair on amine reacts with carbon from acyl group
One of the bonds breaks between carbon and oxygen towards oxygen
Lone pair on oxygen reacts with carbon to form double bond
Bond between carbon and chlorine breaks
Bond between hydrogen and Nitrogen breaks towards nitrogen

59
Q

What are the reactions of acid anhydrides like

A

Similar to those of acyl chlorides but less vigorous

60
Q

What does the reaction of acid anhydrides with water form

A

2 carboxylic acids

61
Q

What does the reaction of acid anhydrides with alcohols form

A

Ester and carboxylic acid

62
Q

What does the reaction of acid anhydrides with ammonia form

A

Amide and ammonium ester

63
Q

What does the reaction of acid anhydrides with primary amines form

A

Amide with hydrogen replaced and ammonium ester

64
Q

What else does acid anhydrides react with

A

Hydroxides

65
Q

What are the advantages of acid anhydrides

A

Less corrosive as acid isn’t formed
Less reactive with water
Safer

66
Q

What are arenes

A

Homologous series based on benzene

67
Q

What is the equation and symbol for benzene

A

C6H6
Hexagon with a circle inside

68
Q

What are arenes also known as

A

Aromatic compounds

69
Q

What are the features of benzene

A

Colourless liquid at room temperature
Immiscible with water
Very unsaturated
Very stable

70
Q

How are arenes named

A

Benzene forms the root of the name for most compounds

If more than 1 substituent is on the ring, then their position must be shown

In some cases the benzene ring is seen as the substituent known as phenyl group

71
Q

What groups make the benzene the substituent

A

Amines - NH2
Carbon chains
Double carbon bonds chains
Ketone
Alcohol
Esters
Amides

72
Q

When was benzene discovered

A

1825 by Faraday

73
Q

When was the formula of benzene discovered

A

1835

74
Q

When was the first possible structure of benzene created

A

1865
By Kekule

75
Q

What structure of benzene was first made

A

cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene

76
Q

What is the structure of benzene

A

It is a planar molecule
Each carbon bonds with 2 carbons and a hydrogen atom
It leaves an electron in the p-orbital from each carbon
These overlap and become delocalised forming a ring of negative charge ‘electron cloud’ above and below the plane

77
Q

What evidence is used to support the delocalised structure

A

Addition reactions
Bond length
Enthalpy of hydrogenation values

78
Q

How do addition reactions prove the delocalised structure

A

If benzene contained double carbon bonds then it would undergo addition reactions which it doesn’t

79
Q

How do bond lengths prove the delocalised structure

A

X-ray diffraction show the bonds in benzene are all the same and aren’t equal to the length of a single or double carbon bond
It is an intermediate between the 2

80
Q

How does the enthalpy of hydrogenation values prove the delocalised structure

A

The value for benzene is less than the value for cyclohexatriene which would be expected to be the same if Kekules structure was right

81
Q

Why is benzene more stable than cyclohexatriene

A

Because of the delocalisation of electrons and is known as delocalisation energy (stability)

82
Q

What are the typical reactions of aromatic compounds

A

Electrophilic substitution reactions

83
Q

What does benzene attract

A

The ring of delocalised electrons attracts electrophiles

84
Q

What reactions do aromatic compounds do

A

Nitration
Friedal Crafts Acylation

85
Q

What does nitration involve

A

Replacing 1 of H’s on the aromatic ring with NO2 group
Warmed to 50 degrees with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid

86
Q

What is the equation for nitration which generates the electrophile

A

HNO3 +H2SO4 > NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O
NO2+ is nitronium ion (electrophile)

87
Q

What is the mechanism for nitration

A

Inside of benzene attacks N on NO2+
Forms bond with carbon with other hydrogen atom and half circle in benzene
Hydrogen bond breaks towards the centre of benzene
Product formed with H+ ion

88
Q

What is the equation for nitration which generates the catalyst

A

HSO4- + H+ > H2SO4

89
Q

What are the uses of nitration

A

Production of explosives
Producing aromatic amines

90
Q

What is the name of TNT

A

2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene

91
Q

What are aromatic amines used as

A

Industrial dyes

92
Q

What is the reaction to produce aromatic amines

A

Nitrobenzene is reduced using concentrated HCl and a Tin cataylst

93
Q

What do Friedel Crafts Acylation involve

A

Replacing one of the H’s on the aromatic ring with acyl group
Aromatic compounds reacted with acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides with AlCl3 catalyst

94
Q

What is the equation for acylation with acyl chloride which generates the electrophile

A

AlCl3 + RCOCl > AlCl4- + RCO+

95
Q

What is the equation for acylation with acid anhydride which generates the electrophile

A

RCOOCOR + AlCl3 > RCO+ + AlCl3OCOR-

96
Q

What is the mechanism for acylation of aromatic compounds

A

Inside of benzene attacks carbon of electrophile
Bonds with benzene forms with hydrogen bond as well and half benzene circle
Hydrogen bond breaks towards inside of benzene ring
Product formed with H+ ion formed

97
Q

What is the equation from acylation which forms the catalyst back

A

AlCl4- + H+ > AlCl3 + HCl

98
Q

Why is hot water used in recrystallisation

A

Obtain saturated solution

99
Q

Why is the minimum amount of water used for recrystallisation

A

allow crystallisation on cooling

100
Q

Why is the product filtered hot in recrystallisation

A

remove insoluble impurities

101
Q

Why is the product cooled with ice in recrystallisation

A

increase the yield of crystals formed

102
Q

Why are the crystals compressed in the funnel

A

Allows better drying

103
Q

Why is the product washed with cold water

A

remove soluble impurities

104
Q

What is the difference between a cyclohexene with the double bonds next to each other and not next to each other

A

Cyclohexene with double bonds next to each other, the outer electrons become partially delocalised so is more stable

105
Q

Which bond is longer:
Single carbon bond or double carbon bond

A

Single carbon bond is longer

106
Q

Why does the reduction of aminobenzene from nitrobenzene form an aqueous solution

A

Aminobenzene is present as an ionic salt in the solution

107
Q

What is the equation for a nitrobenzene to an aminobenzene

A

C6H6(NO2) + 6[H] -> C6H6(NH2) + 2H2O
Sn/HCl or Fe/HCl then NaOH

108
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of chromate ions

A

CrO72- + 14H+ + 6e- -> 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

109
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of Tollens reagent

A

[Ag(NH3)2]+ + e- -> Ag + 2NH3

110
Q

What does Tollens reagent oxidise aldehydes to

A

Carboxylic acids

111
Q

Why is the reaction between a benzene compound and ammonia unlikely

A

Because ammonia is a nucleophile
Benzene repels nucleophiles

112
Q

How does carbon dioxide cause global warming

A

C=O bonds in carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation
This causes IR radiation to not escape from the atmosphere emitted by the Earth
This energy is transferred to other molecules in the atmosphere by collisions

113
Q

Why does carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation

A

C=O bonds vibrate at the same frequency as IR

Chemistry A Level (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions