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Chemistry A Level > Organic 3 - Chapter 15 , 16 and 25 > Flashcards

Organic 3 - Chapter 15 , 16 and 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols

A

OH
-anol

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2
Q

What is the functional group of aldehydes

A

CO on the end
-al

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3
Q

What is the functional group of Ketones

A

CO in the middle
-one

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4
Q

What is the functional group of Carboxylic Acids

A

COOH
-oic acid

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5
Q

What happens when Tertiary alcohols are oxidised

A

They can’t be oxidised

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6
Q

What happens when Secondary alcohols are oxidised

A

They turn into Ketones

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7
Q

What happens when primary alcohols are oxidised

A

They oxidise to Aldehydes using 1 oxygen

Or Carboxylic acids using 2 oxygens

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8
Q

Why cant tertiary alcohols be oxidised

A

The oxidising agent removes a hydrogen from the -OH group and hydrogen attached to carbon
There is only 1 hydrogen so doesn’t work

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9
Q

How is an aldehyde produced from oxidation

A

Distillation
Alcohol mixed with acidified potassium dichromate solution

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10
Q

How is a Carboxylic acid produced by oxidation

A

Reflux
Mix alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate solution

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11
Q

What is reflux

A

It is when the vapours are prevented from escaping so any aldehydes are returned to be oxidised again

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12
Q

What is the test for primary and secondary alcohols

A

React alcohol with potassium dichromate solution and heat
Turns from orange to green

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13
Q

What are tests for aldehydes

A

Fehlings solution and heat - Turned brick red
Tollens reagent - Silver nitrate and sodium hydroxide with ammonia solution and heated - Silver mirror
Acidified Potassium Dichromate Solution and heat - changed green

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14
Q

What are the 2 isomers called when there is optical isomerism

A

Enantionmers

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15
Q

What is a racemic mixture

A

A 50/50 mixture of 2 enantiomers

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16
Q

What is required for optical isomerism

A

When a carbon atom with 4 different groups attached
Known as Chiral

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17
Q

What is optical isomerism

A

When a molecules mirror image is a different molecule

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18
Q

How do you tell the difference between optical isomers

A

They differ on their effect on plane polarised ligh
They rotate the plane of plane polarised light

19
Q

What does it mean that optical isomers are optically active

A

When the isomers rotate the plane of plane polarised light

20
Q

Which way do the isomers rotate the plane of polarised light

A

Positive - clockwise
Negative - Anti clockwise

21
Q

What does a carbonyl group have

A

It consists of a carbon - oxygen double bond

22
Q

What reactions do carbonyl groups do

A

Reduction
Addition of HCN`

23
Q

What is the reduction of carbonyl groups

A

Using NaBH4
Lone pair on Negative hydrogen atom attacks carbon and breaks carbon oxygen bond
Oxygen then attacks positive hydrogen atom from solvent

24
Q

What are aldehydes reduced to

A

Primary alcohols

25
Q

What are ketones reduced to

A

secondary alcohols

26
Q

What is the addition of HCN reaction with carbonyl groups

A

They form hydroxynitriles
Lone pair on CN- attacks carbon which breaks CO bond, oxygen attacks positive hydrogen ion

27
Q

What are hydroxynitriles

A

Many are chiral
Form racemic mixtures
Equal chance of CN- reacting above or below plane

28
Q

What is infra red spectroscopy used for

A

Used to identify the types of bonds in a molecule

29
Q

How does infra red spectroscopy work

A

Sample absorbs some frequencies and the frequencies absorbed depend on the different bonds and groups present

30
Q

What is the finger print region

A

This is the part below 1500 which is unique for every compound and so can be used to identify unknown compounds

31
Q

What is mass spectrometry used for

A

To find the relative molecular masses of compounds

32
Q

What do the spectrums look like from a Time of Flight mass spectrometer

A

There are peaks at the main compound and then the fragmentations which have the M/Z as Mr

33
Q

What are carbon environments

A

They are when a carbon atom is surrounded by atoms and structures which are different to the other carbons in the molecule

34
Q

What do nuclei with an odd mass number possess

A

Spin

35
Q

What are the types of Nuclear Magnetic resonsance

A

Carbon 13
Hydrogen 1

36
Q

What is TMS

A

It provides a reference signal
Non-toxic
Doesn’t react with sample
Produces a single peak
Low boiling point

37
Q

How does NMR work

A

The sample is dissolved ina solvent like CCl4 or CBCl3
TMS is then added
The sample is spun in a magnetic field and radiation is applied

38
Q

What does the number of signals mean

A

The number of carbon environments

39
Q

What does the position of the signals mean

A

Chemical environment of carbons

40
Q

What is the test for alkenes

A

Bromine water
decolourises

41
Q

What is the test for Haloalkanes

A

Warm with NaOH
cool and add nitric acid
Then add silver nitrate

White precipitate (chloroalkane)
Cream precipitate (bromoalkane)
Yellow Precipitate (iodoalkane)

42
Q

What is the test for Primary, secondary alcohols and aldehydes

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
Turns from orange to green

43
Q

What is the test for aldehydes only

A

Fehlings solution
Forms brick red precipitate
Tollens Reagent
Forms a silver mirror

44
Q

What is the test for carboxylic acids

A

Sodium carbonate
Fizzing

Chemistry A Level (20 decks)

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