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Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the name carbon come from?

A

carbos meaning charcoal

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2
Q

Where is carbon most commonly found?

A

reserves of coal, oil and natural gas and all living matter

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3
Q

What are the three allotopic forms of carbon?

A
  • amorphous (carbon black or soot)
  • grpahite
  • diamond
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4
Q

Carbon is a non-metallic element which makes up approximately 0.032% of Earth’s crust

A
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5
Q

What elements is organic chemistry based on?

A

carbon and several otther elements

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6
Q

What bonding does organic chemistry have?

A

all compounds are covalent

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7
Q

How many compounds are there in organic chemistry?

A

several million compounds

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8
Q

What is the flammability of organic chemicals?

A

most compounds are flammable

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9
Q

What is the solubilitty in water for organic chemicals?

A

most are insoluble in water (polar solvents)

most are soluble in organic (non-polar) solvents

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10
Q

What are the melting points of organic chemicals?

A

low. <300. degree celsius -> decompose on heating.

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11
Q

Organic chemicals are non electrolytes in solutions

and

reactions slow at 20 degree celsius

A
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12
Q

What is an organic family?

A

a group of organic compounds that have common structural arrangement. of atoms aclled a functional group

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13
Q

Members of the same organic family have similar physical and chemical properties due to the functional group

A
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14
Q

What is a functional group?

A

anything that is not single bonded to other carbons or hydrogens

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15
Q

what is the family of hydrocarbons?

A

organic compounds that ccontain only carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecular structure

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16
Q

What is an alkane?

A

an organic moleccule with only carbon-carbon single bonds. and. carbon bonded to either carbon or hydrogen.

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17
Q

What do alkanes always end with?

A

ane

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18
Q

prefix meth

A

1

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19
Q

prefix eth

A

2

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20
Q

prefix prop

A

3

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21
Q

prefix but

A

4

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22
Q

prefix pent

A

5

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23
Q

prefix hex

A

6

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24
Q

prefix hept

A

7

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25
Q

prefix oct

A

8

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26
Q

prefix non

A

9

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27
Q

prefix dec

A

10

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28
Q

prefix undec

A

11

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29
Q

prefix dodec

A

12

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30
Q

What is the simplest. alkane?

A

CH4 -> methane

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31
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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32
Q

What is the empirical moleccualr formula?

A

shows number and type of atoms present. No attempt to speccify structure.

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33
Q

What is the expanded moleccular formula?

A

shows groupings of atoms. Brackets indicate locations of branched chains

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34
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

gives a clear picture of all atoms and locations of bonds. Straigh lines represent chemical bonds between atoms. Although detailed and accurate, this method requires a lot of space

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35
Q

What is the condensed structural formula?

A

saves space. Carbon-hydron bonds are assumed to be present. Model shows all other bonds. Still specifies the location of branches

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36
Q

What is the line structural formula?

A

uses lines to represent chemical bonds. each end of straight line represents a carbon atom and each carbon is assumed to have as many hydrogen atoms bonded as neccessary

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37
Q

What are substituent groups?

A

side chains -> brances off of carbons, not part of the parent chain

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38
Q

What is the parent chain?

A

longest continuous chain or carbons

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39
Q

REMEMBER TO INDICATE WHEN THERE ARE MULTIPKLE SUBSTITUENT GROUPS

A
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40
Q

What is a cyclic alkane?

A

saturated ring structures
- add prefix cyclo
- generally shown as skeletal structures

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41
Q

ring always takes precedent unless the carbon chain is longer than the ring

A
42
Q

What is an isomer?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are in a different arrangement

43
Q

constitional isomers = structural isomers

A
  • molecules that have the same molecular formula but atoms bonded in a different sequence
  • same chemical formula but different name
44
Q

Are alkanes polar?

A

alkanes are non-polar

45
Q

Are alkanes soluble in water?

A

no

46
Q

Are alkanes soluble in benzene and other non-polar solvents?

A

yes

47
Q

What is the boiling point for alkanes with 1-4 carbons? And examples of uses?

A

below 30 celsius -> gases: fuels to heatt and cook

48
Q

What is the boiling point for alkanes with 5-16 carbons? and examples of uses?

A

30-265, liquids: automotic, diesel, jet engies, raw material for petrochemical

49
Q

What is the boiling point for alkanes with 16-22 carbons? and examples of uses?

A

over 250 -> heavy liquids, oil furnaces and lubricatting oils

50
Q

What is the boiling point for alkanes with 18+ carbons? and examples of uses?

A

over 400 -> semi solids: lubricating greases, paraffin waxes (candles, waxed paper and cosmetics)

51
Q

What is the boiling point for alkanes with 26+ carbons? and examples of uses?

A

over 500 -> solid residues, asphalts, tars in paving and roofing industries

52
Q

What is the reactivity of alkanes?

A

low reactivity because theirC-C bonds are stable and cannot be easily broken

53
Q

alkanesalso called paraffins, which is latin means…

A

para + affinis = lacking affinity

54
Q

Gaseous alkes are explosive when mixed with air

A
55
Q

liquid alkanes are highly flammable, all alkanes react with oxygen in a combustion reaction

A
56
Q

What is cracking?

A

the most imporant process for the commercial production of gasoline, breaks up heavy alkane. moleculesintothe lighter ones by means of heat and/or pressureand/or catalysts. It yields gasoline and gases such as methan, thane, ethylene, and propane

57
Q

What is an alkyl Halide?

A

an organic compounds containing at least one carbon-halogen bond

58
Q

What are some properties and examples of alkyl halides?

A

fire resistant solvents
refrigerants
pharmaceuticcals and precursors

59
Q

What do you do if two halides or alkyl are equally distant from ends of chain?

A

begin at the end nearer the substituent whose name comes first in the alphabet

60
Q

What is the solubility of haloalkanes?

A

only very slightly soluble in water

61
Q

What are the boiling points of haloalkanes?

A

methyl halides are gases at room temp apart from iodomethane. (liquid)\
chloroethan is a gas, rest are liquids

62
Q

Describe the chemical reactivity of haloalkanes

A

increase in reactivity as move down the group from chlorine to iodine because of the bond strength decreasing as move down group

63
Q

What is an alchohol?

A

OH

64
Q

hat are the bond angles of a hydroxyl atom?

A

approximately 109.5 dgrees -> the oxygen has two unshared pair of electrons

65
Q

What takes precendence alchohols, alkanes, alkenes or halides?

A

alchohols.

66
Q

alchohol

A

ane. ->a-#-ol

67
Q

What is the naming if there are more than one alchohol?

A

diols, triols, etc

68
Q

Are alchohols polar?

A

yes - the interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions

69
Q

Ethanol and DImethyl ether are consitutional isomers. But have very different boiling points.

A
70
Q

Why do ethanol and dimethyl ther have such different boiling points?

A

Ethanol forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which are attractive forces between its molecules, resulting in a higher boiling point. There is no comparable attractive force between molecules of dimethyl ether.

71
Q

COmapre alchohols to alkanes of comparable size

A

alchohols have higher boiling points and are more soluble in water

(the presence of additional OH groups in a molecule further increases solubility in water and boiling point)

72
Q

How do you name a carboxylic acid?

A

The e ending is removed from the name of the parent chain and is replaced with oic acid. Since a carboxylix acid group must always lie at the end of a carbon chain, it is always is given the #1 location position in numbering and it is not necessary to include it in the name.

73
Q

What is an unsturated hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule that does not cntain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

74
Q

What is more reactive alkenes and alkynes or alkanes.

A

alkenes and alkynes

75
Q

What is the simplest alkene?

A

ethen (ethylene) C2H4

76
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

the carbon-carbon double bond

77
Q

What is the functional group of alkynes?

A

the carbon-carbon triple bond

78
Q

What is the simplest alkyne?

A

ethyne (acetylene) C2H2

79
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

80
Q

What the the suffic for alkenes?

A

-ene

81
Q

What is the suffix for alkynes?

A

-yne

82
Q

What do you do if an alkene or alkyne has more than one double bond?

A

2 double bonds = alkadiene
3 doubles bonds = alkatriene

83
Q

Where must the double bond be on a cycloalkane?

A

between 1 and 2

84
Q

What is the smallest cycloalkyne that is stable enough to be isolated?

A

cycloactyne - it is still very reactive though

85
Q

Are alkenes polar?

A

no

86
Q

Do alkenes dissolve in water?

A

no

87
Q

What alkenes are gas a room temperature?

A

the first 3 - ethene, propene, and butene

88
Q

How do the boiling points of alkenes comapre to alkanes?

A

alkenes have slightly lower boiling points

89
Q

Any change in the location of double bond affects boiling point

A
90
Q
A
91
Q

Are alkynes polar?

A

no non-polar

92
Q

What is the order or boiling points? Highest to Lowest

A

Alkynes, alkanes, alkenes

93
Q

Explain the order of boiling points of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

A

Linear strucure of alkynes and nature of triple bond cause them to attract one another mroe strongly than alkanes and alkenes. Therefore takes more energy to overcome attractive forces.

94
Q

Are alkenes and alkynes reactive?

A

Alkenes and alkynes are very reactive

95
Q

How flammable and combustible are alkenes and alkynes?

A

highly flammable and combustible

96
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

97
Q

What is an isomer?

A

a molecule that has the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of the atoms in space - it does not include different arrangements due to the molecule rotating

98
Q

What is stereoisomers?

A

the atoms making up the isomers are joined up in the same order, but still manage to have a different spatial arrangement, gemetroc isomerism is one form of stereomerism. They occur where there are restricted rotation somewhere in a molecule like a carbon-carbon double bond.

99
Q

molecules do not become isomers from twisting

A
100
Q

If you have to take a model to pieces to convert it into another one, then it is an isomer.

A
101
Q

When do you use the cis prefix in isomers?

A

if the substituents are on the same side of the double bond.

cis (latin meaning on this side)

102
Q

When do you use the trans prefix in isomers?

A

when the substituents are on oppsite sides of the double bond

trans (from latin meaning across)

Chemistry (21 decks)

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