Organelles and General Processes

Question 0

What does DNA do when it is inside the nucleus of a non dividing cell? What is it called?

Answer 0

DNA gathers around proteins, DNA in this state are chromatin.

Question 1

The Nucleus contains what substance and what structure houses it?

Answer 1

DNA, Nuclear Envelope

Question 2

What is DNA referred to when a cell is dividing? How many of these structures are present in humans?

Answer 2

Chromosomes; 46

Question 3

Generally what is the function of DNA?

Answer 3

Contains instructions to build protein molecules that do the work of the cell.

Question 4

Does the function of organisms rely on DNA? Why?

Answer 4

Yes, proteins created with the instruction of DNA allow the cell to function, organisms rely on the proper functioning of cells.

Question 5

Scientists have demonstrated the centrality of DNA to cell function by doing what experiment?

Answer 5

Scientists have injected the nucleus of one organisms cell into the cytoplasm of a another organisms cell. That cell in turn started to produce proteins specific to the DNA of the original organism.

Question 6

What are Ribosomes?

Answer 6

Small structures found within cytoplasm.

Question 7

DNA is copied by what molecule when making proteins?

Answer 7

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 8

What is the function of Ribosomes in the formation of proteins in cells?

Answer 8

Ribosomes organize mRNA and needed materials for protein creation.

Question 9

What is endoplasmic reticulum? What kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum exist? What characteristics separate them?

Answer 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum is a series of canals that connect the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Two types exist: Rough ER and Smooth ER. RER has ribosomes that attach to it during protein production. SER does not.

Question 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins that are used for what purposes?

Answer 10

the cell membrane, or proteins that leave the cell

Question 11

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum produce?

Answer 11

lipids that are moved to the Golgi Apparatus.

Question 12

What is the location of the Golgi Apparatus? What surrounds the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 12

GA is located near the ER and is surrounded by transport vesicles.

Question 13

What occurs inside of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 13

molecules produced by the cell are chemically tagged and moved out. lysosomes are produced.

Question 14

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Answer 14

digestive enzymes that remove harmful elements and dead organelles.

Question 15

What are functions of Peroxisomes?

Answer 15

remove cell toxins like hydrogen peroxide by turning it into water and oxygen

Question 16

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 16

Breaks down food for cell use and moves it to storage in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Question 17

What is the process of breaking down food in the mitochondria called?

Answer 17

cellular respiration

Question 18

What are enzymes? What is their general purpose?

Answer 18

properly folded proteins, acting as catalysts for needed chemical reactions

Question 19

Why are enzymes so important?

Answer 19

without enzymes to act as catalysts a pathway does not form resulting in a lack of a needed substance

Question 20

Give an example of an enzyme and what results when it acts as a catalyst?

Answer 20

urease catalyzes the reaction between urea and water resulting in ammonia and carbon dioxide

Question 21

Describe a reaction in which urease acts as a catalyst?

Answer 21

the reactants form bonds (water and urea) then break apart forming ammonia and carbon dioxide leaving urease unchanged

Question 22

More specifically what does an enzyme do?

Answer 22

reduces energy requirements for reactions making them more likely, enzymes do not add energy to a reaction

Question 23

What is a cofactor? Give some examples of cofactors.

Answer 23

a cofactor is an inorganic molecule which aid enzymes

zinc, potassium, iron are all cofactors

Question 24

What are coenzymes? What are their functions?

Answer 24

organic vitamin derivatives
two functions:
1.can transfer atoms, ions or molecules between enzymes
2.can separate from the enzyme and partake in the reaction

Question 25

What does feedback inhibition allow to happen?

Answer 25

allows cells to control enzymes by attaching excess product from a chemical reaction to the enzyme effectively shutting the enzyme down. Thus shutting the reaction down.

Question 26

Where does the product of the reaction attach to the enzyme?

Answer 26

allosteric pocket

Question 27

Is feedback inhibition reversible? What is the purpose of this reversibility?

Answer 27

It is reversible, allowing for the product to be used again or the restart the reaction that was shut down.