aquiring and using energy

Question 0

What are two types of energy? Some examples of each?

Answer 0

1. Potential energy-storable energy because of the way it is structured, water behind a dam
2. Kinetic Energy- energy of motion, heat and light

Question 1

What is the definition of energy? Where does this definition come from?

Answer 1

Energy allows work to be done, Physics Definition

Question 2

What are the three rules of energy?

Answer 2

1. Energy cannot be destroyed.
2. Energy is transferred when moved from one place to another.
3. Energy is transformed when it changes one from one form to another.(dammed water(potential) is released and flowing water is now kinetic energy).

Question 3

What is metabolism?

Answer 3

all of the chemical reactions occurring in cells

Question 4

What types of chemical reactions occur in cells?

Answer 4

1. anabolic reactions-smaller molecules are combined into large molecules for repair, growth, storage
2. catabolic reactions- molecules are broken down into usable energy.

Question 5

What happens during chemical reactions within the cells?

Answer 5

atoms receive new bonding parters, energy may be transferred, food is broken down

Question 6

What is food broken down into? What happens to these components?

Answer 6

food is broken down into its basic sub units and then reformed into the combinations cells need

Question 7

What are the subunits of food?

Answer 7

1.fats-glycerol and fatty acids 2.proteins- amino acids 3.carbohydrates-polysaccharides turn into mono saccharides

Question 8

What happens to the energy from catabolic processes?

Answer 8

It is turned into ATP(adenosine triphosphate) which is used in anabolic processes.

Question 9

Describe the process in which ATP is used to supply energy for an anabolic reaction?

Answer 9

1. ATP is broken down to ADP(adenosine diphosphate)
2. catabolic processes then allow for a phosphate to be reattached to ADP
3. the cycle of breaking down ATP and reforming ATP is constant.

Question 10

Why do cells need matter? What does this allow organisms to do?

Answer 10

cells can build and repair themselves, organisms can then move.

Question 11

What is an autotroph?

Answer 11

organisms that make their own food.

Question 12

What is a heterotroph?

Answer 12

organisms that need to eat other organisms

Question 13

What is the process that makes food? What does this process entail?

Answer 13

plants gather sun energy, water from soil, and carbon dioxide.
when the water molecules are separated oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Question 14

What is the process of breaking down food called? What organisms do it?

Answer 14

Cellular respiration uses ATP to breakdown food, both plants and animals do it, and carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct..

Question 15

What are the two steps of photosynthesis?

Answer 15

1. light energy is converted into chemical energy ATP

2. the light independent reactions of photosynthesis create food

Question 16

What is the light independent process of photosynthesis known as?

Answer 16

Calvin-Benson Process

Question 17

What is Carbon Fixation?

Answer 17

taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere attaching it to the other molecules of photosynthesis

Question 18

What happens to the excess glucose made from photosynthesis?

Answer 18

stored as starch, or stored as fats or proteins (avacado or olives)

Question 19

What is cellular respiration in general? What does it do in general?

Answer 19

Aerobic (with air) respiration transforms food into ATP.

Question 20

How many pathways combine to form the process of cellular respiration?

Answer 20

three

Question 21

What are the three processes of cellular respiration?

Answer 21

glycolosis, Krebs Cycle, oxidative phosphorolation

Question 22

Where does glycolosis occur? What occurs during glycolosis?

Answer 22

cytoplasm of the cell,1. glucose broken down into 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate 2.pyruvate broken into a 2 carbon molecule called acetyl-coA

Question 23

What happens during the Krebs cycle?

Answer 23

acetyl-coA is broken into carbon dioxide

Question 24

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? What happens?

Answer 24

inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae), cells transfer energy into ATP

Question 25

What do enzymes do?

Answer 25

rearrange food into new and useful molecules for the cell

Question 26

What are some of the processes in which enzymes rearrange food molecules in cells?

Answer 26

1. they release energy for ATP transference. 2. oxidizing food molecules by transferring electrons to coenzymes. 3. release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Question 27

During cellular respiration enzymes oxidize food. What happens to the electrons removed by oxidation?

Answer 27

They are transferred to 2 coenzymes: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)

Question 28

What happens to NAD+ and FAD?

Answer 28

1.they are reduced to NADH and FADH2 after receiving their electrons from hydrogen. 2. their electrons are donated to the process of oxidative phosphorilation. 3. NAD+ and FAD will repeat this cycle for as long as ATP production is required

Question 29

True or False food molecules enter the pathway of cellular respiration at different points?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What points of the cellular respiration pathway are responsible for which food molecules?

Answer 30

Glucose enters in at the glycolosis pathway, aminos and fatty acids enter at the Krebs cycle

Question 31

What results from glycolosis and Krebs Cycle breaking down glycolosis?

Answer 31

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 32

What becomes of the pyruvate formed during glycolosis? What happens to the remaining carbon dioxide?

Answer 32

acetyl-coA is formed, one carbon atom is released as waste from the creation of each acetyl-coA

Question 33

Between glycolosis and Krebs cycle how much carbon dioxide is released from one glucose molecule?

Answer 33

6 carbon dioxide molecules

Question 34

What does the carbon breakdown look like from glycolosis?

Answer 34

2 pyruvate are formed (3 carbon each) then broken into acetyl-coA (2 carbon each) leaving 2 carbon as waste

Question 35

What is the carbon breakdown from the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 35

acetyl-coA is broken into carbon dioxide

Question 36

What structure inside of mitochondria do the work of creating ATP?

Answer 36

Electron Transport Chains

Question 37

What are Electron Transport Chains made of?

Answer 37

proteins

Question 38

What is the process of transferring electrons?

Answer 38

1. FADH2 and NADH carry electrons from Krebs Cycle and glycolosis to ETC. 2.ETC move electrons to massed oxygen at the end of the ETC. 3. oxygen picks up protons in accepting electrons becoming water

Question 39

What happens along the ETC as the electrons are tranferred?

Answer 39

proteins expend energy to move protons through mitochondria membranes

Question 40

What happens to the protons that the ETC moves through the membranes of mitochondria?

Answer 40

1. the protons build up behind the membranes. 2. these protons move back across the mitochondria through ATP synthase. 3. ATP synthase converts kinetic energy from moving protons into chemical energy. 4. captures the energy with chemical bonds and adds a phosphate to ADP making ATP

Question 41

The whole process of ATP production is?

Answer 41

Chemiasmotic theory of Oxidative Phosphorilation

Question 42

How does the human body use food?

Answer 42

1.food is taken in as potential chemical energy 2. the chemicals are transformed into cellular energy 3. the cellular energy is used to perform work and transformed into heat energy

Question 43

What do calories measure?

Answer 43

Calories measure heat energy, 1 calorie is required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius

Question 44

What are food package calories technically called?

Answer 44

kilocalories

Question 45

How many calories compose a kilocalorie?

Answer 45

1000