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Basic Cell Biology > cell division > Flashcards

cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

what has the ability to replicate and pass on genes?

A

living things only

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2
Q

asexual reproduction results in what?

A

an exact copy of the dna

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3
Q

prokaryotes with single cells repoduce using what? how long does this process take?

A

binary fission, 10-20 minutes

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4
Q

do eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually?

A

yes

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5
Q

name three reasons why cells divide?

A
  1. to make copies of cells for growth(mitosis)
  2. to make copies of cells for repairs
  3. to carry on the species
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6
Q

before what cell event does dna replication occur?

A

cell division

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7
Q

describe the first step of DNA replication?

A

the two parental DNA strands seperate splitting the paired nucleotides apart

the seperation occurs at the seperation fork

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8
Q

what is the function of DNA polymerase in replication?

A

creates a new complementary strand for the parent strand of DNA

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9
Q

how does DNA polymerase accomplish its task?

A

by following the base pairing rules of nucleotides

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10
Q

what is the word used to describe the results of DNA polymerase activity? why?

A

semiconservative, because every strand of DNA is half old and half new

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11
Q

name the four enzymes that aid DNA polymerase in replication?

A
  1. helicase
  2. primase
  3. DNA polymerase 1
  4. DNA ligase
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12
Q

what does the helicase enzyme do?

A

seperates the original parental strands opening DNA

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13
Q

primase enzyme has what role in replication?

A

lays out short RNA pieces called primers, which are needed for DNA plymerase to start copying

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14
Q

DNA polymerase 1 is an enzyme with what function?

A

removing RNA primers replacing them with DNA

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15
Q

what does DNA ligase do?

A

forms covalent bonds sealing small breaks created by the starting and stopping of replication

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16
Q

what is unique about the chemistry of the double helix?

A

it is chemically opposite on each end of its polarity

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17
Q

the chemical polarity allows for what unique advantages?

A
  1. allows hydrogen bonds to connect to each chemical rung of DNA
  2. each strand is antiparrallel
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18
Q

what problems are caused by the anti parrallel structure of DNA?

A

DNA polymerase can only make new strands by lining up nucleotides in one direction

this causes 2 processes for replicating DNA

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19
Q

what is unique about the first process in which DNA polymerase replicates DNA?

A
  1. the strand in which the 3’ end of DNA points towards the seperation fork can be replicated continuosly
  2. this strand is called the leading strand
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20
Q

how is the chemically opposite polarity of the double helix represented?

A

3’,5’

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21
Q

what is unique about the second process in which DNA polymerase replicates DNA?

A
  1. this strand is called the lagging end
  2. the 3’ end points away from the separation fork
  3. DNA polymerase on the lagging end must work away from the separation fork and then return to the separation fork
  4. ligase is complete the process with covalent bonds
22
Q

the segments created on the lagging end are called what?

A

okazaki fragments

23
Q

cells are dividing or not dividing, what is the name of this cycle?

A

cell cycle

24
Q

what phase is a non dividing cell considered to be in?

A

interphase

25
Q

how many subphases does interphase have what are the names of each subphase?

A

3 subphases

  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
26
Q

what happens in the G1 subphase?

A
  1. cell grows and produces cells components
  2. contains one double stranded DNA
27
Q

what occurs during S phase subphase?

A

1.DNA copied intro two sister chromatids connected by a centromere

28
Q

what is unique about the G2 subphase?

A
  1. cytoskeletal structure is made allowing chromosomes to be used
  2. the technical name of this structure is the miotic spindle
29
Q

when do cells enter mitosis?

A

when they are about to divide and split

30
Q

what are the four phases of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
31
Q

describe the events of prophase?

A
  1. chromosomes coil up into tight packages
  2. nuclear membrane breaks down
  3. miotic spindle forms and attaches to the chromosomes
  4. nucleoli breakdown and become invisible
32
Q

how is metaphase defined?

A

when the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell its metaphase

33
Q

anaphase?

A

chromosomes seperate with the two sister chromatids on opposite sides of the cell

34
Q

what occurs in telophase?

A
  1. new nuclear membranes from around the chromatids
  2. chromatids uncoil and spread
  3. miotic spindle breaks down
  4. nucleoli reform and become visible
35
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

1.beginning with a cleavage furrow the cell is squeezed into two seperate cells by the cytoskeleton

36
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

the resulting cells have only half of the parent cells chromosomes

37
Q

when chromosomes are matched by similarities what is the result called?

A

karyotype

38
Q

what are two matched chromosomes?

A

homologous chromosomes

39
Q

what is a gamete? what is their purpose?

A

a cell within only 23 chromosomes

sexual reproduction

40
Q

when gametes are made what happens to the parent chromosomes?

A

each gamete recieves one of each pair of parent chromosomes

41
Q

what is the technical name of a human gamete? why?

A

haploid cell, because it only recieves ½ of the normal chromosomes

42
Q

how many cell divisions occur in meiosis? what is the name of these divisions?

A

two; meiosis I, meiosis II

43
Q

what occurs in meiosis I?

A
  1. chromosomes are replicated
  2. daughter cells each recieve one complete set of chromosomes
44
Q

what occurs in meiosis II?

A
  1. the complete daughter cells go through another cell division
  2. the result is one chromatid only ends up in each new cell
  3. gametes are now formed
45
Q

what are the steps in meiosis I?

A
  1. prophase I
  2. metaphase I
  3. anaphase I
  4. telophase I
46
Q

what occurs in prophase I that is different from the prophase of mitosis?

A
  1. synapsis which bonds two chromatids
  2. a process called crossing over in which the chromatids swap equal amounts of DNA forming two completely new chromatids
47
Q

what is the reult of crossing over in anaphase I? what are some practical benefits?

A
  1. crossing over occurs after replication producing four completely new chromatids
  2. this increases genetic diversity
  3. crossing over also occurs differently each time meiosis occurs
48
Q

what is the difference between the last three phases of mitosis and meiosis I?

A

none

49
Q

what are the phases of meiosis II? what is the only feature that makes it unique from the phases of mitosis and meiosis I?

A
  1. prophase II
  2. metaphase II
  3. anaphase II
  4. telophse II

the resulting cells have unmatched 23 unmatched chromatid

50
Q

are the resulting cells of meiosis I and II still separated as a result of cytokinesis?

A

yes

51
Q

name several ways in which sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity?

A
  1. mutations
  2. crossing over
  3. fertilization
  4. non disjuntion
  5. male and female chromosomes
52
Q

what are some problems caused by this genetic diversity?

A
  1. non disjunction causes chromosomes not to seperate properly resulting in extra chromosomes causing down syndrome
  2. mutations are random mistakes in copying DNA during replication, not all mutations allow for environmental fitness

Basic Cell Biology (6 decks)

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