Organelle Influence Flashcards
mendlian vs non mendelian inheritance
Mendelian: independent assortment
non-mendelian: linked assortment
what is organelle influence and endosymbiont theory
organellar: transmission on mitochondria or chloroplasts rather than nuclear chromosomes
endosymbiote: believes eukaryotic arrival corresponded to larger prokaryotic cells engulfing smaller prokaryotes that became mitochondria and chloroplasts
T/F all mitochondrial genomes are descended from a common bacterial ancestral genome
TRUE. a single endosymbiotic event gave rise to mitochondria
what are the closest living relatives of mitochondria
free living a-proteobacteria
what are the closest living relatives of chloroplasts
cyanobacteria
T/F mtDNA is smaller than DNA in chloroplasts
TRUE. it is 16,000 bp, chloroplast is 100-225 kb
what is a plastid
precursor organelle of chloroplasts
the majority of genes needed for proper mitochondrial function are located where?
in the nucleus
what is the maternal affect?
how does it effect the phenotype of the offspring?
maternal phenotype decides offspring phenotype
homoplasmy vs heteroplasmy
Homo: organism where all copies of an organelle gene are the same
Hetero: not all copies of an organelle are the same
4 consequences of mitochondrial inheritance in mammals
-prediction of mitochondrial mutation inheritance based on mothers genotype
-maternal lineage of organisms can be examined
-maternal history can be interpreted
-human mitochondrial mutations are maternally inherited
what is genomic imprinting?
what is it controlled by?
-epigenetic modification of genome(some genes are repressed)
-naturally occurring through methylation
what are the active histones?
what are the repressive histones?
Active: H3K4, H3K9Ac
Repressive: H3K9me3, H2K27me3
what encodes for growth factor in embryonic development
IGF2
androgenic vs gynogenic
Androgenic: double dose of paternal gene, no maternal
Gynogenic: double dose of maternal gene, no paternal
mechanisms of regulating genomic imprinting
DNA methylation
histone post-translational modification
T/F primordial germ cells keep all imprints
FALSE
what is PWS caused by?
AS?
reciprocal deletion
expressed genes for maternal imprinting
Dwarfism in mice
(maternal imprinted genes are paternal expressed)
expressed genes for paternal imprinting
reduced growth of fetus
(paternal imprinted genes are maternal expressed)
