Heredity Flashcards
what is genetics
the study of genes, how traits are passed on
when did modern genetics develop
in the 20th century, big advancements between 1590s and 1830s
with whom did genetics as a practice begin
gregor mendel
what leads to genetic variation
correlation between phenotype, genotype, and alleles
what diseases did Garrod use based on Mendels work
alkaptonuria(black urine disease)
(inability to fully break down tyrosine and phenylalanine leading to accumulation of homogentistic acid in the body)
how did Garrods work tie in with patterns of transmission
he recognized that the trait(for black urine disease) must be a “rare, usually recessive character”
it was HGD gene, and autosomal recessive
what is the gene abbreviation for alkaptonuria
HGD gene
what are the three major branches of genetics
-TRANSMISSION(mendelian genetics): transmission of traits in successive generations
-EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS: origin of genetic relationships and evolution of genes
-MOLECULAR GENETICS: variation of nucleic acids. proteins, and genomes
what are the two principles of chromosome theory of inheritance
-chromosomes are the carriers of units of inheritance(genes)
-chromosomes maintain genetic continuity through generations
from chromosome theory of inheritance what were 2 ideas of what was the genetic material
proteins(huge diversity)
nucleic acid(no sufficient diversity)
what are genes
physical units of heredity now known to be DNA sequences
what are chromosomes
long molecules of double-stranded DNA containing genes
what are homologous pairs
chromosome pairs carrying genes for the same traits
do homologous chromosomes have the same genes and alleles
carry the same size, morphology, and gene locations, and differ in genetics <0.1%
metacentric chromosome
centromere is in the middle leading to p and q arms of equal length
submetacentric chromosome
centromere slightly off center
acrocentric chromosome
chromosome is close to the end(very short p arm, very long q arm)
telocentric chromosome
centromere is at the end of the chromosome (no p arm)
p arm vs q arm (chromosome)
p arm is always the shorter arm.
q arm is always the longer one
what is a telomere
the end portion of a chromosome
haploid vs diploid
haploid: contains only one set of chromatids
diploid: contains chromosome pairs
DNA definition
hereditary material in all organisms
RNA definition
single stranded genetic material used in some viruses
mRNA definition
undergoes translation to produce proteins at ribosomes
three essential components of nucleotides
nitrogen base
pentose sugar
phosphate group
what type of nitrogen bases are adenine and guanine
purines
what type of nitrogen bases are cytosine and thymine(and uracil)
pyrimidines
what three traits make a model organism
easy to grow
short life cycle
produce many offspring
eukarya, bacteria, and archaea
Eukarya: true nucleus, multiple linear chromosome
Bacteria: no true nucleus, single chromosome(circular DNA)
Archaea: no true nucleus, single chromosome
template strand vs coding strand on DNA
Template strand: the strand which RNA is synthesized from
Coding strand: partner to template strand(no function in RNA synthesis)
3 things used to study genetic variation
stains
blots
probes
southern blotting technique
DNA transfer named after Edwin Southern
Northern blotting technique
mRNA transfer
western blotting technique
protein transfer
T/F in gel electrophoreses nucleic acids and proteins are positively charged and will move to the negative charged end of the gel
FALSE. most are negatively charged and move to the positive end
what is genomics
study of genomes in their entirety to obtain full genome sequence
proteomics
study of complete set of proteins encoded in genome
transcriptomics
complete set of genes that undergo transcription in a cell
genetics is the science of what
heredity
how long has genetics been around for due to the selective breeding of crops
10,000 years
what crops were selectively bred 10,000 years ago
maize
rice
wheat
scientists that discovered chromosomal theory of inheritance
Walter Sutton
Theodor Boveri
what species did Dr. Davis genome sequence for her PhD
north American Bison
