Organ Systems Flashcards
What are 3 functions of the female reproductive tract?
House fetus during gestation
Provide nutrients to young
Facilitate fertilization
What are 3 functions of the male reproductive system?
Produce sperm, semen, and testosterone
Name 2 common diseases/STI’s and describe them.
Uterine Fibroids: noncancerous growths in uterus
Cryptorchid: when 1 or both testes do not descend
What are the 2 types of artificial insemination (AI) and describe/compare them.
Intracervical insemination (ICI)
donor sperm directly into cervix
Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
Places sperm in fallopian tubesWhat are the 4 advantages to using artificial insemination (AI) vs. natural service?
More accurate record keeping
Less Disease Transmission (STI’s)
Safer for Female (no live bull)
Genetic improvement (more control)
Name 5 organs included in the Endocrine system.
Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Pineal gland Autocrine Pituitary gland Paracrine Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Gonads
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Secretes hormones that are taken up in the blood and distributed around the body of the animal and responsible for:
Controlling development
Growth
Reproduction
Only affects cells with hormone receptors
Controls responses to the external environment
What is hypothyroidism and what are 3 symptoms?
Hypothyroidism: body produces too little thyroid hormone - immune system attacks thyroid
Hair loss, black patches on skin, weight gain, muscle loss, sluggishness
What is hyperthyroidism and what are name 3 symptoms?
Hyperthyroidism: body produces too much thyroid hormone
Weight loss, increased appetite/thirst/urination, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity
What is Diabetes Mellitus and what happens to the body when a dog/cat gets it (results of the disease/disorder)?
Diabetes Mellitus: cells in pancreas produce little to no insulin, abnormal response
Glucose can’t enter into the cells, accumulates in blood, cells are starved for energy
How do phagocytes help protect the body from infection?
Phagocytes identify pathogens and engulf them. The pathogen is then digested inside of the phagocyte, and the leftover debris is released into the cell.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity includes the defenses that arise when a pathogen enters the body, whereas in passive immunity, the antibodies are produced by another individual. Passive immunity also does not involve B and T cells, and the antibodies can only survive for a few weeks.
Explain the series of events that would occur in an inflammatory response.
Histamine and cytokines would go to the site of infection. Phagocytes and lymphocytes would also be transported to the site of infection through the bloodstream. The blood vessels would dilate and more blood would flow to the area. Pus would also accumulate
What determines the age at which a mammal is vaccinated? Explain why.
When the mammal starts weaning and stops drinking its mother’s milk, this is when vaccination begins. This is because the antibodies from the mother’s milk can only survive in the body for a few weeks. The mammal needs vaccines as a substitute for the antibodies it was receiving, and the ones made in vaccination will last longer, because of memory B and T cells.
Name two types of cells that function in the lymphatic system and explain their function.
neutrophils/macrophages = are phagocytes that engulf and kill bacterial pathogens
Dendritic cells = cells that live in the tissues and stimulate adaptive immunity
T cells = white blood cell that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus
B cells = white blood cell that originates and remain in the bone marrow
What are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces?
They are always moist, as well as long and thin so that gas be exchanged more efficiently.
What is the difference between positive and negative pressure breathing?
In positive, air is forced into the lungs. This is used in amphibians and birds
In negative, air is pulled into the lungs. This is used in mammals.
What is countercurrent exchange? What organisms is this used in?
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in the opposite direction. This is used in aquatic animals in their gills.
Explain the path that air travels through when inhaled.
Air is breathed through the nostrils, goes through the trachea, which branches into two bronchi. The bronchi break into multiple branches, and the smallest have alveoli at the end where gas exchange occurs.
What are alveoli? What is their function in the respiratory?
Alveoli are tiny hollow sacs clustered at the tips of the bronchioles. They allow oxygen to go from the lungs to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to go from the blood to the lungs to be exhaled.
How are the bones stabilized or connected?
By bones of the skeleton and cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissue.
What is the main purpose of the musculoskeletal system?
To maintain body position and to produce controlled, precise movements.
Define arthritis.
Joint tissues become less resilient to wear and tear and start to regenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and sometimes can lose mobility of joints.
What is the major skeletal differences between animals and reptiles?
Animals upright stance with limbs directly beneath body. Reptiles: sprawling gait with limbs emerging horizontally from body.
What cells do the endocrine system effect?
Only affects cells with hormone receptors
What is different about the Pineal Gland in amphibians?
It is referred to as a third eye because it can detect light
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes Mellitus: cells in pancreas to produce little to no insulin, abnormal response
