Organ Systems Flashcards
What are 3 functions of the female reproductive tract?
House fetus during gestation
Provide nutrients to young
Facilitate fertilization
What are 3 functions of the male reproductive system?
Produce sperm, semen, and testosterone
Name 2 common diseases/STI’s and describe them.
Uterine Fibroids: noncancerous growths in uterus
Cryptorchid: when 1 or both testes do not descend
What are the 2 types of artificial insemination (AI) and describe/compare them.
Intracervical insemination (ICI)
donor sperm directly into cervix
Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
Places sperm in fallopian tubesWhat are the 4 advantages to using artificial insemination (AI) vs. natural service?
More accurate record keeping
Less Disease Transmission (STI’s)
Safer for Female (no live bull)
Genetic improvement (more control)
Name 5 organs included in the Endocrine system.
Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Pineal gland Autocrine Pituitary gland Paracrine Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Gonads
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Secretes hormones that are taken up in the blood and distributed around the body of the animal and responsible for:
Controlling development
Growth
Reproduction
Only affects cells with hormone receptors
Controls responses to the external environment
What is hypothyroidism and what are 3 symptoms?
Hypothyroidism: body produces too little thyroid hormone - immune system attacks thyroid
Hair loss, black patches on skin, weight gain, muscle loss, sluggishness
What is hyperthyroidism and what are name 3 symptoms?
Hyperthyroidism: body produces too much thyroid hormone
Weight loss, increased appetite/thirst/urination, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity
What is Diabetes Mellitus and what happens to the body when a dog/cat gets it (results of the disease/disorder)?
Diabetes Mellitus: cells in pancreas produce little to no insulin, abnormal response
Glucose can’t enter into the cells, accumulates in blood, cells are starved for energy
How do phagocytes help protect the body from infection?
Phagocytes identify pathogens and engulf them. The pathogen is then digested inside of the phagocyte, and the leftover debris is released into the cell.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity includes the defenses that arise when a pathogen enters the body, whereas in passive immunity, the antibodies are produced by another individual. Passive immunity also does not involve B and T cells, and the antibodies can only survive for a few weeks.
Explain the series of events that would occur in an inflammatory response.
Histamine and cytokines would go to the site of infection. Phagocytes and lymphocytes would also be transported to the site of infection through the bloodstream. The blood vessels would dilate and more blood would flow to the area. Pus would also accumulate
What determines the age at which a mammal is vaccinated? Explain why.
When the mammal starts weaning and stops drinking its mother’s milk, this is when vaccination begins. This is because the antibodies from the mother’s milk can only survive in the body for a few weeks. The mammal needs vaccines as a substitute for the antibodies it was receiving, and the ones made in vaccination will last longer, because of memory B and T cells.
Name two types of cells that function in the lymphatic system and explain their function.
neutrophils/macrophages = are phagocytes that engulf and kill bacterial pathogens
Dendritic cells = cells that live in the tissues and stimulate adaptive immunity
T cells = white blood cell that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus
B cells = white blood cell that originates and remain in the bone marrow
What are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces?
They are always moist, as well as long and thin so that gas be exchanged more efficiently.
What is the difference between positive and negative pressure breathing?
In positive, air is forced into the lungs. This is used in amphibians and birds
In negative, air is pulled into the lungs. This is used in mammals.
What is countercurrent exchange? What organisms is this used in?
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in the opposite direction. This is used in aquatic animals in their gills.
Explain the path that air travels through when inhaled.
Air is breathed through the nostrils, goes through the trachea, which branches into two bronchi. The bronchi break into multiple branches, and the smallest have alveoli at the end where gas exchange occurs.
What are alveoli? What is their function in the respiratory?
Alveoli are tiny hollow sacs clustered at the tips of the bronchioles. They allow oxygen to go from the lungs to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to go from the blood to the lungs to be exhaled.
How are the bones stabilized or connected?
By bones of the skeleton and cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissue.
What is the main purpose of the musculoskeletal system?
To maintain body position and to produce controlled, precise movements.
Define arthritis.
Joint tissues become less resilient to wear and tear and start to regenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and sometimes can lose mobility of joints.
What is the major skeletal differences between animals and reptiles?
Animals upright stance with limbs directly beneath body. Reptiles: sprawling gait with limbs emerging horizontally from body.
What cells do the endocrine system effect?
Only affects cells with hormone receptors
What is different about the Pineal Gland in amphibians?
It is referred to as a third eye because it can detect light
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes Mellitus: cells in pancreas to produce little to no insulin, abnormal response
What is a cryptorchid?
When there is a lack of descent of one or both testes
what is the integumentary system
a system that protects the body from various kinds of damage
what does the integumentary system consist of
skin, hair, nails, scales, feathers, hooves, etc…
function of the integumentary system
Protects the body’s internal living tissues and organs
Protects against invasion by infectious organisms
Protects the body from dehydration
Protects the body against abrupt changes in temperature
Helps dispose of waste materials
Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Stores water and fat
Abnormalities in Integumentary System
Histiocytomas- “button tumor”, common in <4 yr dogs, benign tumors
Sarcoptic Mange- “Canine Scabies” tiny mites, parasitic, cause skin infection, can transfer from mother to pup during cuddling
Discoid lupus- autoimmune disease, dog allergic to its own tissues, depigmentation, redness, and ulceration of the nose
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Blood circulates through a network of vessels throughout the body
Provide individual cells with oxygen and nutrients and helps dispose of metabolic wastes.
Systems consist of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Diseases/Abnormalities of the cardiovascular system
Heart disease- condition of the heart where blood vessels disrupt the normal function of the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to the body
Congenital heart effects
Mitral valve disease- degeneration of the mitral valve which causes the valves to leak. Most common heart disease in dogs.
Cardiomyopathies- disease of the heart muscle
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Pericardial effusion- fluid acclimation in the heart sac
How the cardiovascular system works
Delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body.
The arteries carry blood away from the heart, the veins carry it back to the heart.
differences among the cardiovascular system
reptiles have 3 chambers (not 4)
Fish have a single systemic circuit
Other animals have a pulmonary circuit
Amphibians have a third circuit that brings deoxygenated blood to the skin for a gas exchange to occur.
Warm-blooded animals require a more efficient system of four chambers that had the oxygenated blood completely separate from the deoxygenated blood
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid acclimation in the sac surrounding the heart
The pericardium is a paper-thin, translucent membrane attached to the heart base and provides the heart with a protective compartment
Uncommon in small animals but is mostly seen in cat and dogs
Could be life threatening
Caused by a congenital or a an acquired disease
Muscles:
Maintain body position
Produce controlled, precise movements
define tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons and ligaments.
What is the Nervous System?
a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body
Includes the Brain, the Spinal Cord, and the Nerves to Body Parts
It regulates the body’s activities
The Two Types of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons (nerve cells) and Neuroglial cells (glial cells)
CNS vs PNS
CNS- The Central Nervous System
The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord.
This is the “control system” of the nervous system and figure out what the sensory inputs mean.
PNS-The Peripheral Nervous System
The PNS contains the nerves that leave the brain and spinal cord.
The job of the PNS is to transmit messages to the CNS and to relay the outgoing messages from the CNS to the body.
Nervous system disorders
Seizure Disorders-
Seizure: a sudden, electrical discharge in the brain causing alterations in behavior, sensation, and consciousness
There are two types of seizures; generalized seizures and partial seizures.
Generalized seizures appear to begin everywhere in the brain at once
Partial seizures begin at one location of the brain
Trauma and Tumors- There are a number of common injuries of the nervous system involving trauma and tumors
Hip Dysplasia
medical term that describes a hip socket that does not fully cover the ball portion of the upper thigh bone
- eventually can causes pain and arthritis - polygenic trait
FHO (hip dysplasia treatment)
A femoral head ostectomy (FHO) is a surgical procedure that removes the head and neck from the femur. FHO surgery is performed to alleviate pain. It is a salvage procedure, reserved for condition where pain can not be alleviated in any other way.
Heart:
produces blood pressure during systole
Elastic arteries
conduct blood and maintain pressure during distole
Muscular arteries
distribute blood and maintain pressure
Arterioles
provide peripheral resistance. Distributes blood
Capillaries
exchange nutrients and waste
Venules
collect blood and edema from capillaries
Veins
transmit blood to large veins (reservoir)
Large veins
receive lymph and return blood to heart
How does the blood move through the heart?
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve
digestive system function
turns food into the energy and nutrients needed to feed the body; packages residue for waste disposal
Salivary Glands
produces saliva
-saliva provides moisture for the mouth and contains amylase, an enzyme that helps to break down starch into more simple sugars
pharynx
muscles in walls of pharynx function in the process of swallowing
-pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus
Esophagus
- pharynx to stomach
- transports saliva, liquids, and food- salivary glands
stomach
-stores food =initiates digestion of proteins -produces chyme which is passed into small intestine -Ruminant (cow) -rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticular -Monogastric (people)
small intestine
- has 3 main regions
- duodenum and jejum: absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, calcium, and iron
- lleum: absorption of salts, B12, and electrolytes
- asorption occurs
large intestine
- final section of the gasteointestinal tract
- absorbs water and vitamins
- converts digested food into feces
- as the chyme from the small intestine passes through, bacteria in the large intestine digests substances
rectum
Closing part of the large intestine, terminates the anus
Pre-Hension
when an animal grabs the food and puts in in their mouth
-ex: when a cow wraps its tongue around the grass and puts it in their mouth
Urinary system Function:
produces, stores, and disposes urine using the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Kidneys
forms urine by filtering out unneeded waste from needed nutrients
Ureters
Tube carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
-one attached to each kidney
Bladder
- Stores urine temporarily
- collapsable and muscular, so size varies depending on the amount of urine which it’s currently storing
- muscles contract to expel the urine, leaving the bladder folded
Urethra
thin wall tube
-the bladder collects and stores urine until it is ready to be discharged through the urethra
