Midterm!!!!! Flashcards
potential career opportunities in the veterinary medical industry
- veterinarian
- research
- cinical
- sales
- nutritionist
scholastic requirements for veterinary school
- science
- math
- extra-curriculars
- all around good student
animals role in society (historically)
- transportation
- labor
- food
- hunting aid
- farming
- companionship
- clothing
animals role in society (today)
- little transportation
- little labor (if any)
- food
- hunting (increase #, decrease %)
- clothing (decrease)
range of viewpoints in animal rights and welfare
- some individuals don’t treat animals right
- some individuals do treat animals right
- what is right and what is wrong depends on culture so it is therefore dependent on the culture and place in the world
animal welfare
the humane caring and respect of animals and the needs/requirements they have
ethical
knowing the difference between right and wrong
moral
acting upon whats right and wrong
animal rights
the rights of animals, claimed on ethical grounds, to the same humane treatment and protection from exploitation and abuse that are accorded to humans
(not possible/not good)
what is veterinary medicine
the study of and implementation of animal health and management
why a veterinary field?
- to maintain health of the animals and improve the animals health
- enhance production of animals population
- increase profit ability of criminal operations
- increase economic proficency of animal operations
- to produce a safe and wholesome product
- to improve the recreational and working relationship of animals and humans
ASPCA
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
- founded in 1866
- promotes the prevention of animal cruelty
HSUS
The Humane Society for the Prevention of Animal Welfare (Humane Society of the United States)
- established in 1883
- promotes efforts to care for homeless and abused animals
importance of using efficient, consistent office procedures
to create a clean, friendly, safe, and caring environment to care for the sick animals that come in in the best possible way that is safest and most effective for the animal
techniques for difficult situations
- good communication skills
- no yelling
- trying to keep the situation calm
- positivity
effects of verbal and nonverbal communications
how someone speaks to you matters
- posture
- talk clearly
- show you care
- look professional
- full attention
- remain calm
- eye contact/handshake
prevention and control methods used in clinic disease management
- understand how the disease can be spread and control the spread in order to control the disease
- know how it is transmitted
- have infectious disease control management
infection
the invasion and multiplication of organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms/protozoa, and parasites
infestation
the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites. It can also refer to the actual organisms living on or within a host.
disease
an abnormal condition that affects part or all of an organism
zoonosis
infectious diseases of animals that can naturally be transmitted to humans
external parasites
fleas, ticks, flies, mites, lice
how to tell if an organism has infection?
- symptoms
- infectious agent is present
direct transmission
- aerosal droplets
- saliva
- blood
- skin-to-skin
- fecal material
- milk
- in utero
- nasal fluid
- ocular fluid
- fetal fluid
- genital fluid
- carcuss
indirect transmission
-vector
~tick, flea, mosquitoes, flies, scavangers. people
-environmental
~soil, water, air, food
-vehicles
~cars, food bowls, clothing, boots, needles, ear tagging, knives
routes if entry
- mouth
- nose
- mucus membranes
- skin
- blood
- teats
- genital openings
- trans-placental
why is food storage an issue
- preserve money
- preserve nutritional value
- preserve flavor quality
food types
wet, semi-moist, and dry
dry food
- lowest moisture content: 6-10%
- longest (extended) shelf life
- multiple servings
semi-moist food
- medium moisture content: 23-38%
- short to medium shelf life
- one week to one servings depending on package and animal
wet/canned food
- highest moisture content: 68-78%
- shelf-life is the shortest
- one serving
factors that affect storage
- temperature (if it is too hot/cold)
- moisture content
- humidity (worry about bacteria/fungus/chemicals/water)
- insects/rats/mice
things to look for in food storage
- damaged packaging
- swollen/bulging cans
- rust on cans
- mold when opened
- visual signs (discoloration/unusual texture, bad odor)
- verman infestation
procedures to store
- date food (sooner expiration on top/in front)
- proper temperature and humidity
- sealed properly
- prevent verman
- store in sealed container (dry)
- cover and put in fridge (canned)
why is patient care important
important for the well being of the animal
types of procedures in patient management
- outpatient procedure: routine/minor ailments
- inpatient procedure: anything that causes them to stay over night/extended stay
micro-envirnment
inside cage/pen/stall…etc…clean, bedding,
macro-environment
outside of cage/pen/stall…noise, temp, exercise
medical management in hospital
fluid therapy, nutrition intake, medicines
diagnostics
radiograph, temperature, blood work, urine/fecal analysis, biopsys, ultrasound
goal of patient care
to improve quality of life by giving comfort physically (ex: bedding) and mentally (ex: individual attention), giving clean food and water and correct medicines
laws regarding patient care
they have to be clean, primates need to have toys, and need to be sanitary
anatomy
the study of the structure of living things
physiology
the study of the functions in living things
gross anatomy
- the big picture (stuff that can be appreciated with the naked eye)
- macroscopic
cytology
study of cells
histology
4 basic types of tissues and the study
what are the four basic types of tissues
epithelium
muscular
connective
nervous
ladder of how the body is made up
cells–>tissues–>organs–>organ systems
epithelium tissue
covers, lines viscera and blood vessels and is secratory cells of glands
connective tissue
provides mechanical support, provides a place for metabolic exchanges, provides a place for energy storage, provides a place for inflammation, provides a place for fibrosis
what is fibrosis
-healing and scaring
~platelets act in clotting (step in fibrosis)
nervous tissue
provides transmission, reseption, and integration of electrical impulses
muscular tissue
generates contractile force
vital signs
T:temperature
P:pulse
R:respiration
dog TPR
T: 101.5 degrees F
P: 90 bpm
R: 16 bpm
cat TPR
T: 101.5 degrees F
P: 110 bpm
R: 25 bpm
horse TPR
T: 100 degrees F
P: 35 bpm
R: 10 bpm
cow TPR
T: 101.5 degrees F
P: 50 bpm
R: 16 bpm
pig TPR
T: 102.5 degrees F
P: 70 bpm
R: 13 bpm
sheep
T: 102.5 degrees F
P: 75 bpm
R: 16 bpm
genetics
-study of inheritance (heredity)
-how characteristics are passed from generation to generation
-study of genetic codes of body cells
~molecular genetics
heredity
- transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring by means of genes on chromosomes in nucleus of body cell
- controlled by genes (DNA)
alleles
-alternative copy of same gene (dominant or recessive)
genetic code
- combination and order of nucleotide bases
- in DNA of chromosomes in nucleus of body cells
- ordered by genes to build proteins
nucleotide bases
- found in DNA of chromosomes
- bind on pairs of chromosomes strands
- building clocks of genetic codes
DNA nucleotide bases (transcription)
Adenine (binds to Thymine)
Thymine (binds to Adenine)
Cytosine (binds to Guanine)
Guanine (binds to Cytosine)
transcription
-to make protein from nucleotide code of RNA copy of chromosome DNA
~RNA strand copy binds with DNA strand
-messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves nucleus
~shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasma of cell
DNA nucleotide bases (translation)
Adenine (binds to URACIL)
Thymine (binds to Adenine)
Cytosine (binds to Guanine)
Guanine (binds to Cytosine)
translation
- process of protein synthesis from the code on mRNA
- ribosome in cytoplasm bind to mRNA to read code
- produces strand of amino acids=protein
- code of 3 nucleotide base=codon
mitosis
2 cells with copies of chromosome pairs (daploid)
meiosis
4 cells with copies of chromosome singles (haploid)
phenotype
a particular trait that can be observed
genotype
genetic make-up of a single trait (not visible)
homozygous
-genes are alike
heterozygous
genes are different
role genetics play in the vet industry
-a science study of techniques
-genetic engineering (biotechnology)
~gene mapping
~produces vaccines, hormones, tests, improve production and resistance, produces clonning
classification of dogs
- terrier
- working
- sporting
- hound
- herding
- toy
- non-sporting
terrier group (dogs)
-originally used in catching prey such as foxes, badges, and rabbits,
EX: airedale terrier, bull terrier, cairn terrier, irish terrier
working group (dogs)
-guards, guides, and herders, muscular, even-tempered and obedient
EX: collie, boxer, german shepard, st. bernard,
sporting group (dogs)
-hunt by air scent-sective dogs
EX: pointers, retrievers, settlers, spaniels
hound group (dogs)
-track prey by ground scent
EX: beagles, foxhounds
-hunt mainly by sight
EX: greyhounds, whippets
herding group (dogs)
-drive livestock, keep animals from straying
EX: collie, australian shepard, corgi
toy group (dogs)
-pets and companions
EX: pug, pomeranian, pekinese
non-sporting group (dogs)
-bred principally as pets and companions
EX: boston terrier, bull dog, chow chow, dalmation
restraint
act if controlling movement and activity of an animal
phychological restraint
use knowledge of animal behavior
- animal response to commands
- animal response to punishment
physical restraint
-using manual force
EX: body, collar/halter, rope (knots), nose snare, cage, stock, chute
chemical restraint
-use sedation
sanitation requirments
needed to provide a clean environment for patients
bedding and housing requirements
needed to be provided for the comfort of the animal
history of dogs
-in family canidae
-direct descendents of the wolf
-dog scientific name=Canis familiaris
-domestication a few 1,000yrs ago
-Greece:
~hearding, guarding, and hunting dogs
-Egypt:
~dogs used in war
bred based on what?
- purpose
- climate
- environment
- master’s preference
serve humans through…
- protection
- sight
- hearing
- security
- companionship
- work
characteristics of dogs
-size:
~height=6inches-40inches @ shoulder
-life expectancy: 9-15yrs
~small dogs live longer then big dogs
common traits (dog)
- shed hair once a year
- non-retractable claws
- 42 adult teeth
- pointed canine teeth
- sweat glands on nose and feet
hearing (dogs)
- 2x better then humans
- can hear higher frequencies
smell (dogs)
-tracking, hunting
breeds of dogs
two classifications:
- natural system
- dog show system
dog organizations
- American Kennel Club
- United Kennel Club
history of cats
-in family Felidae
-domestication a few 1,000yrs ago
-frequently became feral (wild)
-Egypt:
~worshiped and mummified cats
-Eastern World
~eat certain cats
cats benefits to people
- mouser/ratter
- companions
- aid disabled people
characteristics of cats
-size:
~weigh 4-18lbs
-readily puts on weight
~life expectancy 10-22yrs
common traits (cats)
- 30 adult teeth
- retractable claws
- pointed canine teeth
- whiskers that catch sound reflections (organ of touch)
vision (cats)
- excellent nigh vision
- vision up to 120ft distance
hearing (cats)
-can hear 1 1/2 times better than dogs
-semi-circular canals in ear help to maintain balance
~aids in cats ability to land on feet in a fall
smell (cats)
-14 times better than humans
breeds of cats classifications
two classifications:
- natural system
- cat show system
cat organization
Cat Fanciers Association (CFA)
beef cattle breeds
- Bos taurus=British origin
- Continental (exotic)=Europe origin
- Bos Indicus (Zebu-type)=India origin
- Composite breeds=two or more breeds
Bos taurus examples (beef)
- black and red angus
- hereford and polled hereford
- shorthorn
Continental (Exotic) breeds (beef)
-charolais
-chianina
-simmental
-Gelbvieh
-limousin
-maine anjou
texas longhorn
Bos indicus examples (beef)
-brahman
composite breeds example (beef)
- Brangus
- santa gertrudis
- Beefmaster
- simbrah
- holstein-friesian
dairy cattle breeds
- ayrshire
- guernsey
- brown swiss
- jersey
swine breeds
- chester white
- duroc
- landrace
- hampshire
- yorkshire
- poland china/spotted poland china
- pietrain
- berkshire
fine wool sheep breeds
- merino
- rambouillet
medium wool sheep breeds
- dorset
- hampshire
- southdown
- suffolk
long wool sheep breeds
-lincoln
cross bred sheep breeds
- columbia
- corriedale
fiber goat breeds
-angora
meat goat breeds
- boer
- spanish/brush
dairy goat breeds
- nubian
- saanen
light horse breeds
- appaloosa
- arabian
- standardbred
- tennessee walking horse
- palomino
- american paint horse
- american quarter horse
- thoroughbred
draft horse breeds
- belgian
- clydesdale
- percheron
- shire
pony breeds
- shetland
- welsh pony
- hackney
- pony of the americas (POA)
- miniature horse
risks involved when restraining
- biting
- scratching
- kicking
common knots (8)
- halter hitch
- clover hitch
- double half hitch
- half hitch
- bowline knot
- reefer knot
- granny knot
- square knot
dog body languages
- defensive threat (likely to bite)
- dominant/aggression/offensive threat (more damage)
- active submission
- stressed
- passive submissive
- playful
cat body languages
- ears pricked forward
- ears out sideways, flattened
- pupils dilated, ears right back
- tail may be held aloft or tucked or hooked
- flatter to the ground
- “flinch”
- totally withdrawn
- posture
horse body languages
- ears (more back/flat=more angry/alert)
- startled response
- aggressive head thrust
- moving to attack
- fighting
