Nutrition Flashcards
food
A material which, after ingestion by an animal is capable of being digested, absorbed, and utilized
nutrients
A component of a food that aids in the support of life
Nutrients are chemical elements or compounds
Essential nutrients must be provided in food
essential nutrients
- Nutrients must be provided in food
- Body cannot synthesize
Non-essential nutrients
- nutrients do not have to be provided
- Body can synthesize
Carbohydrates
- Main storage of energy for plants
- Consist of: Sugars, Starch, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectins
Purpose of Carbohydrates
-Provide energy (calories)
~Low energy feeds-fibers (forages/roughages, Grasses, legumes, grain plants)
~High energy feeds-starches and sugars (Grains, Corn, sorghum, oats, wheat)
Lipids (fats and oils)
Organic (plant and animals)
Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents
Provide HIGH ENERGY (twice carbs)
Two Categories of Carbohydrates
- Nitrogen free extract (Easily digested, Starches and sugars)
- Crude fiber (Not easily digested, Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins)
Sources of lipids
Plants: Saturated and unsaturated fat
Animals: ALL saturated fat
Structure of lipids
Fatty acid chains: Long chain of carbons with hydrogen
Saturated: All carbons each “saturated” by hydrogens
Unsaturated: More than one carbon-carbon bond bond is double
Protein
Basic structure is multiple amino acids
20 amino acids are commonly found in proteins
Sources of protein
Plants: Grains, Grain plants, Grasses, legumes
Animals: By-products (meat, bone, and blood meal), Milk
Non-protein nitrogen (protein formed in rumen): Urea, Manure
Purpose of Protein
Protein also provides energy
Vitamins
- Organic: Carbon based
- Present in small amounts
- Essential for metabolic activity: Growth, development, milk, reproduction
- Disease occurs when deficient
- Animals must be fed vitamins (animal and plant products) or vitamins must be formed by microbial synthesis
- Fat soluble vitamins
- Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble
- Vitamin A, D, E, K
- Regulates metabolism of structural units
- Dietary intake (animal and plant products)
- Synthetic products
- Excreted in feces
- Stored in body
Water Soluble
- Vitamins B and C
- More involved in regulating transfer of energy
- Daily dietary intake (animal and plant products)
- Synthetic products
- Rumen and colon microbes synthesize
- Excreted in urine
Minerals
- Essential for various life processes: Skeletal formation, Protein synthesis, Oxygen transport, Fluid balance and acid/base regulation, Enzyme systems)
- Macro-Minerals (Major Minerals)
- Micro-Minerals (Trace Minerals)
Micro-Minerals (Trace Minerals)
-Needed in very small amounts (PPM): Fe, Cu, I, Co, Mb, F, Mn, Zn, Se
Macro-Minerals (Major Minerals)
-Needed in larger amounts than other minerals: Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
water
-Most overlooked nutrient
water supports
- Body temperature
- Body metabolism
Water sources
- Drinking water
- Feed
Water requirements
- 1.5 quarts of water per pound of feed
- Amount of water required depends on: Environmental temperature, Need more in the extremes (heat and cold), Body temperature, Lactation, Salt content of feed, Quality of water)
Water loss
Routes of water loss: Urine, Feces, Breathing, Sweat
effect of sugars on dogs and cats
Sugars cause diarrhea in adult dogs and cats
what acid is required in dogs
Linoleic fatty acid required in diet of dogs
what two acids are required in cats
Linoleic and arachidonic fatty acids required in diets of cats
minimum protein in dogs
Minimum 22% protein required in diet of adult dogs
minimum protein in cats
Minimum 32% protein required in diet of adult cats
what amino acid is required in a cats diet
Taurine amino acid required in diet of cats
what vitamin was required in a cats diet
Vitamin A required in diet of cats
difference between water soluble and non water soluble
water soluble vitamins travel faster through the body and are excreted through the urine making it harder to overdose with water soluble vitamins (but still possible)
feeding guinea pigs
vitamin c is required
