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Head and Neck > Orbits > Flashcards

Orbits Flashcards

1
Q

roof of orbit

A

orbital part of frontal bone

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2
Q

medial wall of orbit

A

orbital plate of ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, and sphenoid

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3
Q

inferior wall of orbit

A

orbital surface of maxilla

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4
Q

lateral wall of orbit

A

frontal process of zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid

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5
Q

apex of orbit

A

optic canal in lesser wing of sphenoid

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6
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

internal surface of eyelid

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7
Q

bulbar conjunctiva

A

anterior surface of eyeball

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8
Q

conjunctival sac

A

space bound by the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae

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9
Q

tarsus

A

dense bands of CT that form the “skeleton” of eyelids

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10
Q

superior tarsus

A

upper eyelid; levator palpebrae superioris; superior tarsal muscle; loss of function for either muscle results in ptosis or drooping of the upper eyelid

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11
Q

inferior tarsus

A

lower eyelid; attached medially to maxilla by medial palpebral ligament; attached laterally to zygomatic by lateral palpebral ligament

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12
Q

tarsal glands

A

produce lipid secretion to prevent eyelids from sticking together

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13
Q

what keeps the orbit fat contained?

A

orbital septum

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14
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

involved in production, movement, and drainage of fluid from surface of eyeball; includes lacrimal gland, excretory ducts, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct

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15
Q

lacrimal gland

A

secretes lacrimal fluid; divided into orbital and palpebral parts by tendon of LPS

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16
Q

lacrimal canaliculi

A

small canals that drain lacrimal fluid from lacrimal lake to lacrimal sac

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17
Q

lacrimal sac

A

dilated superior part of nasolacrimal duct

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18
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

conveys lacrimal fluid to inferior nasal meatus

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19
Q

innervation of lacrimal gland

A

sensory from lacrimal branch of V1; PNS from facial to greater petrosal nerve to nerve of pterygoid canal to pterygopalatine ganglion which sends fibers to join maxillary nerve to zygomatic nerve to lacrimal nerve to gland; SNS fibers leave internal carotid plexus to form deep petrosal nerve contributing to formation of nerve of pterygoid canal

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20
Q

common tendinous ring

A

periorbita that thickens around optic canal and central part of SOF: point of origin of rectus muscles

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21
Q

fascial sheath of eyeball

A

attaches to sclera near optic nerve to edge of cornea blending with investing fascia of muscles

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22
Q

suspensory ligament

A

lower part of fascial sheath which supports the eyeball

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23
Q

medial check ligament

A

expansion of investing fascia that covers medial rectus, attaches to lacrimal bone, and restricts movement of medial rectus

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24
Q

lateral check ligament

A

expansion of investing fascia that covers lateral rectus, attaches to zygomatic bone, and restricts movement of lateral rectus

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25
Q

function of LPS:

A

elevate superior eyelid

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26
Q

innervation and function of superior tarsal muscles:

A

sympathetic fibers; help maintain eyelid elevation

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27
Q

eye rotation around vertical axis causes pupil to move:

A

medially and laterally

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28
Q

eye rotation around transvere axis causes pupil to move:

A

superiorly and inferiorly

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29
Q

eye rotation around anterior-posterior axis causes pupil to move:

A

intorsion and extorsion

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30
Q

function of SR

A

elevation, adduction, and medial rotation

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31
Q

function of MR

A

adduction

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32
Q

function of IR

A

depression, adduction, and lateral rotation

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33
Q

function of SO

A

abduction, depression, and medial rotation

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34
Q

function of IO

A

abduction, elevation, and lateral rotation

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35
Q

clinical testing of SR

A

look laterally and upward

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36
Q

clinical testing of IR

A

look laterally and downward

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37
Q

clinical testing of LR

A

look laterally

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38
Q

clinical testing of MR

A

look medially

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39
Q

clinical testing of IO

A

look medially and upward

40
Q

clinical testing of SO

A

look medially and downward

41
Q

abducent nerve palsy causes eye to:

A

turn medially

42
Q

trochlear nerve palsy causes eye to:

A

turn up and in

43
Q

oculomotor nerve palsy causes eye to:

A

turn down and out

44
Q

blood supply to orbit is mainly from:

A

mainly from ophthalmic artery (ICA); central artery of the retina, lacrimal, long and short posterior ciliary, supraorbital, anterior and posterior ethmoidal, medial palpebral, dorsal nasal, supratrochlear, anastomotic branch

45
Q

contribution of blood supply to the structures related to the orbital floor comes from:

A

infraorbital artery (ECA)

46
Q

venous drainage of orbit:

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins enter cavernous sinus; inferior ophthalmic can also drain into pterygoid venous plexus; central vein of retina usually drains directly into cavernous sinus

47
Q

vorticose veins from vascular layer of eyeball drain into:

A

inferior ophthalmic vein

48
Q

route by which infections can spread from outside to inside cranial cavity

A

through ophthalmic veins and cavernous sinus

49
Q

what travels within optic nerve?

A

central retinal artery and vein

50
Q

papilledema

A

edema of optic disc caused by increased CSF pressure slowing venous return from retinal veins

51
Q

superior branch of oculomotor nerve innervates:

A

LPS and SR

52
Q

inferior branch of oculomotor nerve innervates:

A

MR, IR, IO, and sends branch to ciliary ganglion

53
Q

what travels through common tendinous ring?

A

optic nerve, ophthalmic artery, oculomotor nerve, abducent nerve, nasociliary branch of ophthalmic nerve

54
Q

ophthalmic nerve

A

sensory nerve that has lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches

55
Q

lacrimal nerve

A

branch of ophthalmic nerve; receives branch from zygomaticotemporal nerve which carries PNS and SNS postganglionic fibers

56
Q

frontal nerve

A

branch of ophthalmic nerve; gives off supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves

57
Q

nasociliary nerve

A

branch of ophthalmic nerve; gives off sensory root to ciliary ganglion, long ciliary nerves, infratrochlear nerve, and and anterior and posterior ehtmoidal nerves

58
Q

ciliary ganglion

A

sensory root from nasociliary nerve; receives presynaptic PNS from oculomotor and sends postsynaptic short ciliary nerves; receives postsynaptic SNS fibers from internal carotid plexus which innervate dilator pupillae muscles

59
Q

short ciliary nerves

A

postsynaptic PNS nerves from ciliary ganglion that causes pupil constriction via sphincter pupillae and accommodation of lens via ciliary muscles

60
Q

eyeball makeup from anterior to posterior:

A

cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous chamber, and retina

61
Q

fibrous layer of eyeball consists of:

A

sclera and cornea

62
Q

sclera

A

tough, opaque part of fibrous layer that covers posterior 5/6 of eye

63
Q

cornea

A

transparent part of fibrous layer covering anterior 1/6 of eye

64
Q

corneal limbus

A

angle formed by intersecting curvatures of scleral and cornea at corneoscleral junction

65
Q

vascular layer of eyeball

A

AKA uvea or uveal tract; consists of choroid, ciliary body, and iris

66
Q

choroid

A

represents 2/3 of vascular layer

67
Q

ciliary body

A

extends from anterior border of choroid and completes a ring around eyeball; includes ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

68
Q

ciliary processes

A

secretes aqueous humor

69
Q

contraction of ciliary muscle:

A

decreases size of ring formed by ciliary body reducing tension on suspensory ligament of lens resulting in accommodation for near vision

70
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye containing the pupil

71
Q

coloboma of iris

A

a hole or missing portion of iris

72
Q

nonvisual part of retina

A

anterior continuation of pigmented layer extending over ciliary body and posterior surface of iris

73
Q

ora serrata

A

junction between optic part and nonvisual part of retina

74
Q

optic part of retina

A

consists of neural layer which is attached to pigmented layer around optic nerve and ora serrata and pigmented layer which is firmly attached to choroid

75
Q

fundus of eyeball

A

internal aspect of posterior part of eyeball where light entering the eye is focused; includes the optic disc, macula lutea, and fovea centralis

76
Q

optic disc

A

where optic nerve leaves retina; has no light sensitive receptors (blind spot)

77
Q

macula lutea

A

small area with hint of yellow that is lateral to optic disc and contains a central depression containing fovea centralis

78
Q

fovea centralis

A

thinnest area but has most visual sensitivity; fewer rods and more cones

79
Q

rods

A

dim light, insensitive to color

80
Q

cones

A

bright light, sensitive to color

81
Q

detached retina

A

detachment of neural layer; results from seepage of fluid between the neural and pigmented layers

82
Q

anterior chamber

A

space between the cornea anteriorly and the iris/pupil posteriorly

83
Q

posterior chamber

A

between iris/pupil anteriorly and the lens and ciliary body posteriorly

84
Q

aqueous humor

A

provides nutrients for avascular cornea and lens; maintains intra-ocular pressure; produced in posterior chamber by ciliary processes and flows into anterior chamber through pupil; absorbed into scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

85
Q

glaucoma

A

condition with increased intra-ocular pressure caused by disruption in flow of aqueous humor

86
Q

closed-angle glaucoma

A

iris closes drainage angle and obstructs aqueous outflow

87
Q

open-angle glaucoma

A

drainage is open and outflow of aqueous is blocked at scleral venous sinus

88
Q

vitreous chamber

A

posterior to lens that is filled with vitreous humor; transmits light, holds retina in place, and supports the lens

89
Q

capsule of lens is anchored by:

A

suspensory ligament to ciliary processes

90
Q

to bring distant objects into focus, lens needs to be:

A

thinner (less convex)

91
Q

to bring near objects into focus, lens needs to be:

A

more convex

92
Q

presbyopia

A

with age the lens becomes harder and more flat reducing the focusing power of the lens

93
Q

cataracts

A

cloudiness of lens

94
Q

extracapsular cataract extraction

A

remove lens but leave capsule

95
Q

intracapsular lens extractoin

A

remove lens and capsule

96
Q

Horner syndrome

A

results from interruption of cervical sympathetic trunk; causes constriction of pupil, drooping of superior eyelid, redness and increased temperature of the skin, absence of sweating

Head and Neck (8 decks)

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