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Anatomy - BB Exam 3 > Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball > Flashcards

Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball Flashcards

1
Q

where do orbital fractures usually occur?

A

at the 3 sutures b/w the bones forming the orbital margin

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2
Q

what is a blowout fracture?

A

displacement of orbital walls from indirect trauma

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3
Q

what fractures may involve the ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses?

A

fractures of medial wall

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4
Q

what fractures may involve the maxillary sinus?

A

fractures of inferior wall/orbital floor

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5
Q

what do orbital fractures often cause?

A

intra-orbital bleeding -> pressure on eye -> exophthalmos

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6
Q

what is exophthalmos?

A

protrusion of eyeball

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7
Q

what do tumors in the orbit cause?

A

exophthalmos

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8
Q

which side of the eye offers a better approach for surgical operations and why?

A

lateral side - lateral wall of orbit does not reach as anteriorly as medial wall, so more of eyeball can be exposed from this side

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9
Q

what can happen if you have loss of tonus of muscle in inferior eyelid?

A

causes lid to evert from surface of eye -> dry cornea + irritation of eye (not protected by eyelid) -> excessive lacrimal fluid

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10
Q

what does a blockage of lacrimal apparatus drainage cause?

A

excessive lacrimal fluid

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11
Q

what does infection/obstruction of ciliary gland ducts cause?

A
  • sty/hordeolum

- chalazia

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12
Q

what is a hordeolum/sty?

A

painful red supporative (pus-producing) swelling

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13
Q

what is a chalazia?

A

cyst of the sebaceous glands of eye

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14
Q

what does obstruction of a tarsal gland cause?

A

tarsal chalazion (inflammation) protruding toward eye and rubbing against it as you blink

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15
Q

when you have bloodshot eyes, what is producing the red color you see?

A

dilated and congested vessels of conjunctiva (hyperemia)

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16
Q

what causes hyperemia?

A

local irritation - dust, chlorine, smoke, etc.

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17
Q

what is pinkeye?

A

inflamed conjunctiva aka conjunctivitis

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18
Q

what do subconjunctival hemorrhages look like?

A

bright or dark red patches deep to and w/i the bulbar conjunctiva

(from rupture of small subconjunctival capillaries)

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19
Q

where do the retina and optic nerve develop from?

A

optic cup - from the optic vesicle (bulge off of the embryonic forebrain)

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20
Q

what develops from outer and inner layers of optic cup?

A

outer layer -> pigment cell layer of retina

inner layer -> neural layer of retina

21
Q

what is the intraretinal space? is it found in adult?

A

space that separates the developing layers of the retina in the embryo -> layers eventually fuse together

22
Q

what is the clinical significance of the intraretinal space?

A

sometimes neural layer isn’t firmly attached -> blow to eye can cause retinal detachment

23
Q

what usually causes detached retina?

A

seepage of fluid b/w neural and pigment cell layers of retina following trauma

24
Q

what do patients with detached retina complain of?

A
  • flashes of light

- floaters (floating specks in front of eye)

25
Q

what does the pupillary light reflex test?

A

CN II - afferent limb

CN III - efferent limb

26
Q

what is the first sign of compression of the oculomotor nerve?

A

ipsilateral slowness of the pupillary response to light

27
Q

what is uveitis?

A

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eyeball (uvea)

-can cause severe impairement/blindness if untreated

28
Q

what causes edema of the retina?

A

increase in CSF pressure -> slows venous return from retina

29
Q

what is edema of the retina viewed as and what is it called?

A

viewed as swelling of optic disc -> papilledema

30
Q

what is presbyopia?

A

lens becomes harder and more flattened w/ age -> gradual reduction of focusing power of lens

31
Q

what are cataracts?

A

loss of transparency of the lens from areas of opaqueness (cloudiness)

32
Q

what does extracapsular cataract extraction involve?

A

removing lens but leaving the capsule of the lens intact to receive a synthetic intra-ocular lens

33
Q

what does intracapsular lens extraction involve?

A

removing lens and lens capsule and implanting a synthetic intra-ocular lens in the anterior chamber

34
Q

what is coloboma?

A

absence of a section of iris

35
Q

what are three things that cause coloboma?

A
  • failure of choroid fissure to close properly
  • penetrating or non-penetrating injuries of eye
  • surgical iridectomy
36
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

when outflow of aqueous humor through the scleral venous sinus is significantly decreased -> pressure builds up in anterior and posterior chambers of eye

37
Q

what is the difference b/w open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma?

A

OA: drainage angle open; outflow blocked at trabeculae or scleral venous sinus

CA: drainage angle closed by iris -> obstructs outflow

38
Q

what is hyphema?

A

hemorrhage w/i the anterior chamber of the eye

39
Q

what causes hyphema usually?

A

blunt trauma to eyeball

40
Q

what does the corneal reflex test?

A
  • CN V1

- CN VII

41
Q

what can foreign objects in the eye cause?

A

corneal abrasions -> sudden, stabbing pain in eye + tears

42
Q

what can sharp objects in the eye cause?

A

corneal lacerations

43
Q

what is Horner syndrome?

A

ipsilateral interruption of a cervical sympathetic trunk, causing:

  • miosis (constriction of pupil)
  • ptosis (drooping upper eyelid)
  • vasodilation (redness, higher skin temp)
  • anhydrosis (absence of sweating)
44
Q

what is diplopia?

A

double vision

45
Q

what can cause diplopia?

A

paralysis of one or more extra-ocular muscles

46
Q

what does oculomotor nerve palsy look like and why?

A

pupil down and out due to unopposed action of LR and SO

47
Q

what does abducent nerve palsy look like and why?

A

pupil fully adducted by unopposed action of MR

48
Q

what does blockage of the central artery of the retina cause and why?

A

instant and total blindness b/c terminal branches of the central artery are end arteries

49
Q

what does occlusion of a branch of the central vein cause?

A

slow, painless loss of vision

Anatomy - BB Exam 3 (13 decks)

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