Oral Region

Question 1

what is cleft lift/harelip?

Answer 1

birth defect where you get a notch that extends through the lip into the nose - can be deeper and become continuous w/ a cleft in the palate

Question 2

describe cyanosis of the lips

Answer 2

a dark bluish or purplish color of lips and mucous membranes from deficient oxygenation of capillary blood
-sign of many pathologic conditions

Question 3

what is a frenulectomy?

Answer 3

resection of the frenulum and underlying CT b/w the incisors

Question 4

what can a large lower labial frenulum contribute to?

Answer 4

gingival recession -> abnormal exposure of roots of teeth

Question 5

what is gingivitis?

Answer 5

inflammation of the gingivae

Question 6

what is periodontitis?

Answer 6

inflammation and destruction of bone and periodontium

Question 7

what are dento-alveolar abscesses?

Answer 7

collections of pus resulting from death of inflamed tissues - may drain to oral cavity and lips

Question 8

what are dental caries?

Answer 8

cavities

Question 9

what is pulpitis?

Answer 9

infection and irritation of the tooth tissues

Question 10

what causes toothache?

Answer 10

swollen tissues inside a rigid pulp cavity

Question 11

what are hyperdontia?

Answer 11

supernumerary teeth

Question 12

what is the most common supernumerary tooth?

Answer 12

mesiodens - malformed, peg-like tooth b/w the maxillary central incisor teeth

Question 13

supernumerary tooth vs. accessory tooth

Answer 13

supernumerary: resembles size, shape or placement or normal teeth
accessory: does not resemble the form or disposition of a normal tooth

Question 14

which nerve is at risk during extraction of the 3rd molar?

Answer 14

lingual nerve

Question 15

what happens w/ unerupted 3rd molars?

Answer 15

they become lodged (impacted) under or against the 2nd molars

Question 16

describe dental implants

Answer 16

prosthetic crown placed on an abutment (metal peg) inserted into a metal socket surgically implanted into the alveolar bone

Question 17

nasopalatine nerve block

Answer 17

inject anesthetic into the incisive fossa in the hard palate - needle inserted immediately posterior to incisive papilla - numbs both nerves

numbs palatal mucosa, lingual gingivae, alveolar bone of 2 anterior maxillary teeth, hard palate

Question 18

greater palatine nerve block

Answer 18

inject anesthetic into the greater palatine foramen - numbs all the palatal mucosa and lingual gingivae posterior to the maxillary canine teeth and underlying bone of palate

Question 19

which gender is cleft palate more common in?

Answer 19

females

Question 20

what is the embryological basis of cleft palate?

Answer 20

failure of mesenchymal masses in the lateral palatine processes to meet and fuse with each other, with the nasal septum, and/or with the posterior margin of the median palatine process

Question 21

what causes the gag reflex?

Answer 21

• CN IX and CN X -> muscular contractions of each side of pharynx
• glossopharyngeal = afferent limb of gag reflex

Question 22

what happens when genioglossus is paralyzed?

Answer 22

tongue falls posteriorly, obstructing the airway and presenting risk of suffocation

Question 23

what does injury to hypoglossal nerve cause?

Answer 23

paralysis and eventually atrophy of one side of tongue - tongue deviates to paralyzed side during protrusion due to action of unaffected genioglossus muscle on other side

Question 24

why are some drugs administered sublingually?

Answer 24

quick absorption - dissolves, enters deep lingual veins < 1 min

Question 25

where do lingual carcinomas metastasize to?

Answer 25

posterior part: superior deep cervical nodes

anterior part: same, but not until late in cancer

Question 26

what can frenectomy be used for?

Answer 26

to free an overly large frenulum of tongue to allow for normal movements and speech

Question 27

during excision of the submandibular gland, what structures are at risk?

Answer 27

• marginal mandibular branch of facial n.

- lingual n.

Question 28

can one perform sialography on submandibular and sublingual glands?

Answer 28

submandibular - yes

sublingual - no b/c ducts too small and too many