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Anatomy - BB Exam 3 > Cranium > Flashcards

Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common symptom of head injury?

A

disturbance in level of consciousness

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2
Q

what age group experiences the most head injuries?

A

15-24

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3
Q

what are neuralgias?

A

severe throbbing or stabbing pain in the course of a nerve caused by a demyelinating lesion
-common cause of facial pain

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4
Q

what is otalgia?

A

earache

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5
Q

what is odontalgia?

A

toothache

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6
Q

what can injury to the superciliary arches cause?

A
  • laceration of skin + bleeding

- bruising of skin around orbit gravitates around eye = black eye

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7
Q

what is malar flush?

A
  • redness of skin covering zygomatic process/malar eminence

- associated w/ rise in temperature in various fevers (TB, lupus)

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8
Q

Le Fort fractures in general

A

3 common fractures of the maxilla

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9
Q

describe Le Fort I fracture

A
  • horizontal fracture
  • superior to maxillary alveolar process
  • crossing bony nasal septum and possibly pterygoid plates
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10
Q

describe Le Fort II fracture

A
  • from posterolateral parts of maxillary sinuses superomedially through infra-orbital foramina, lacrimals, or ethmoids to the bridge of the nose
  • entire central part of face separated from rest of cranium
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11
Q

describe Le Fort III fracture

A
  • horizontal fracture through superior orbital fissures and ethmoid and nasal bones
  • extends laterally through greater wings of sphenoid and frontozygomatic sutures
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12
Q

describe fractures of mandible

A

usually involves two fractures, frequently on opposite sides

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13
Q

what kind of mandible fractures are usually single?

A

fractures of coronoid process (uncommon)

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14
Q

what is associated with fractures of neck of mandible?

A

dislocation of TMJ on same side

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15
Q

what may be involved w/ fractures of angle of mandible?

A

these are oblique - may involve the bony socket or alveolus of 3rd molar

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16
Q

what do fractures of the body of the mandible often pass through?

A

socket of a canine tooth

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17
Q

what can extraction of teeth cause?

A

resorption of alveolar bone -> mental foramen and nerve more exposed -> can get pain

18
Q

what does loss of all teeth cause?

A

decrease in vertical facial dimension and mandibular prognathism (overclosure)

19
Q

what can cause depressed fractures?

A

hard blows in thin areas of calvaria

20
Q

what are the most common type of calvaria fracture?

A

linear calvarial fractures - occur at point of impact, but fracture lines often radiate away from it in two or more directions

21
Q

what is a contrecoup fracture?

A

counterblow fracture - no fracture occurs at point of impact, but one occurs on opposite side of cranium

22
Q

what is a craniotomy?

A

section of neurocranium (bone flap) is elevated or removed to access cranial cavity and brain

23
Q

what is a craniectomy?

A

craniotomy in which bone flap is not replaced (replaced instead by plastic or metal plate)

24
Q

which parts of skull develop via intramembranous ossification vs. endochondral ossification?

A

intramembranous: calvaria bones, some of cranial base
endochondral: most of cranial base

25
Q

in the adult, how much of the cranium is composed of facial skeleton?

A

1/3

26
Q

describe neonatal skull: sutures, symphyses, etc.

A
  • frontal suture
  • coronal suture
  • intermaxillary suture
  • mandibular symphysis
  • no mastoid, styloid processes
  • anterior, posterior, spheonidal, and mastoid fontanelles
27
Q

what can a physician determine from palpating an infant’s fontanelles?

A
  • progress of growth of frontal and parietal bones
  • degree of hydration of infant (depressed = dehydrated)
  • level of intracranial pressure (bulge = increased pressure)
28
Q

describe the anterior fontanelle

A
  • largest one
  • bounded by frontal and parietal bones
  • diamond shaped
  • future site of bregma
29
Q

what is a metopic suture?

A

remnant of frontal suture in adults

30
Q

describe the posterior fontanelle

A
  • triangular
  • bounded by parietal and occipital bones
  • future site of lambda
31
Q

what is the most dynamic bone?

A

mandible

32
Q

describe growth of paranasal sinuses

A
  • not usually present at birth
  • expand as frontal and facial regions enlarge
  • growth important in altering shape of face and adding resonance to voice
33
Q

describe obliteration of cranial sutures

A
  • begins about 30-40 y/o

- begins at bregma and continues sequentially in sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures

34
Q

age changes in cranium

A
  • cranial bones become thinner and lighter

- diploe becomes filled w/ gray gelatinous material

35
Q

what is primary craniosynostosis?

A

premature closure of cranial sutures

  • more common in males
  • type of malformed cranium depends on which sutures close prematurely
36
Q

hypothesis for cause of primary craniosynostosis

A

abnormal development of cranial base creates exaggerated forces on dura mater that disrupt normal cranial suture development

37
Q

what is scaphocephaly?

A

premature closure of sagittal suture

-long, narrow, wedge-shaped cranium

38
Q

what is plagiocephaly?

A

premature closure of coronal or lambdoid suture on one side only
-twisted and asymmetrical cranium

39
Q

what is oxycephaly/turricephaly?

A

premature closure of the coronal suture

-high, tower-like cranium

40
Q

which gender is oxycephaly/turricephaly more common in?

A

females

41
Q

does premature closure of sutures affect brain development?

A

no

Anatomy - BB Exam 3 (13 decks)

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