Question 1

Adderall

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 2

Dyanavel

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 3

Concerta

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 4

Cotempla

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 5

Ritalin

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 6

Daytrana

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 7

Jornay

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 8

Quillivant

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 9

Focalin

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 10

Vyvanse

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 11

Azstarys

Accepted Answer

stimulant

Question 12

Strattera

Accepted Answer

non-stimulant (atomoxetine)

Question 13

Intuniv

Accepted Answer

non-stimulant (guanfacine)

Question 14

Qelbree

Accepted Answer

non-stimulant (viloxazine)

Question 15

Kapvay/clonidine

Accepted Answer

non-stimulant (clonidine) Treats HBP

Question 16

Catecholamines

Accepted Answer

dopamine & norepinephrine (stimulants act on both of these)

Question 17

Wellbutrin

Accepted Answer

antidepressant sometimes prescribed as non-stimulant (increases dopamine)

Question 18

Tegretol

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication (carbamazepine)

Question 19

Lamictal

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication (lamotrigine)

Question 20

Keppra

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication (levetiracetam)

Question 21

Trileptal

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication (oxcarbazepine)

Question 22

Phenobarbital

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication

Question 23

Topamax

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication (topiramate)

Question 24

Valproic acid

Accepted Answer

anti-seizure medication

Question 25

Describe the "80/20" stroke rule in children and adolescents

Accepted Answer

80% ischemic, anterior distribution 20% hemorrhagic, posterior distribution

Question 26

ACA/MCA/PCA stroke neuro deficits

Accepted Answer

ACA - frontal lobe dysfunction, lower motor extremity weakness MCA (most common) - face and upper motor extremity weakness, aphasia, visuospatial, anosagnosia supplies BG gaze preference toward lesion PCA - homonymous hemianopia

Question 27

Perinatal stroke

Accepted Answer

typically refers to strokes occurring between approximately 20 weeks gestation and the first 28 days of life.

Question 28

Prevalence of ID with range of severity

Accepted Answer

85% mild (~ 6th grade level) 10% moderate (~2nd grade level) 3-4% severe 1-2 profound

Question 29

Common environmental and preventable cause of ID is...

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 30

Consistent neuropathological findings of people with autism

Accepted Answer

Brain size is often larger than average in younger subjects --> brain size is normal or slightly small at birth, followed by a growth spurt between six and 24 months that results in larger than average brains, followed by a slowed growth that returns the brain size to average by later childhood. --> corpus callosum is typically undersized and not enlarged proportionally to overall enlargement of the brain

Question 31

Comorbid conditions of ASD

Accepted Answer

ID (40–70%) ADHD (>55%) Anxiety disorders (22–84%) Depression (4–58%), Tic disorders (6%) Seizure disorders (11–39%; more common in cases with comorbid ID)

Question 32

Imaging studies of ASD individuals have shown:

Accepted Answer

- delayed maturation of frontal lobes - reduced activation of the amygdala during processing of facial emotion - enlargement of lateral ventricles

Question 33

SLD prevalence in U.S.

Accepted Answer

15–20%

Question 34

visual word form area

Accepted Answer

A region in the left occipitotemporal cortex, including the middle part of the left fusiform gyrus, devoted to rapid processing of written words the brain's "letterbox"

Question 35

neural signature of dyslexia

Accepted Answer

During tasks requiring phonological analysis: underactivation in Wernicke’s area, angular gyrus, and striate cortex with concurrent overactivation in the inferior frontal gyrus

Question 36

Comorbid conditions of dyslexia

Accepted Answer

Oral language deficits (55%) Mathematics disabilities (55%) ADHD (25–40%)

Question 37

Double-Deficit Model of Reading Disabilities

Accepted Answer

Rapid naming speed (single-deficit) and phonological awareness (single-deficit)

Question 38

Late-emerging reading disabilities

Accepted Answer

reading deficits are not evident until at least third grade (~40%) - associated with learning to read to reading to learn - often associated with coexisting conditions, especially ADHD

Question 39

Implicated brain regions in math disorder

Accepted Answer

several brain regions within the posterior parietal cortex, including the intraparietal sulcus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus.

Question 40

Implicated brain regions in dysgraphia/written language disorder

Accepted Answer

alterations in white matter microstructure in several brain regions, predominantly within the left hemisphere

Question 41

Medical Conditions that are associated with high risk of math SLD

Accepted Answer

spina bifida and congenital hydrocephalus (occurs more than 50%)

Question 42

Older adolescents and adults must have at least ?? of nine symptoms in each symptom category.

Accepted Answer

5 (for ages 17 years and older)

Question 43

Pathophysiology of ADHD

Accepted Answer

- underactivation in frontocortical and frontosubcortical networks - basal ganglia (particularly anterior caudate nucleus) abnormalities are the most consistent finding - abnormal cortical maturation (or delayed maturating) within the frontal and temporal lobes

Question 44

Heritability of ADHD

Accepted Answer

30–35% of first-degree relatives of children with ADHD also have the disorder, for a relative risk of 6 to 8 times that of the general population.

Question 45

Treatment of ADHD symptoms with stimulants in children with epilepsy is:

Accepted Answer

effective, but carries increased (small) risk of seizure exacerbation in some children

Question 46

Describe heritability of ADHD

Accepted Answer

70-80% in twin studies and 5-10x increased risk if 1st degree relative has ADHD

Question 47

Components of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) not included in ADHD inattentive presentation diagnosis:

Accepted Answer

lethargy/excessive sleepiness underactivity slowness

Question 48

Most common neurological complications of preterm birth

Accepted Answer

Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) - infarction that is most frequently a complication of a large IVH - results in asymmetric necrosis of the periventricular white matter periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) - which can be considered a Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) - Focal necrotic lesions occur in the border end zones of MCA, PCA, ACA - Increases the risk for CP, specifically spastic diplegia (stiff legs). More extensive PVL can include involvement of the upper extremities as well.

Question 49

germinal matrix

Accepted Answer

a highly vascularized region of the developing brain located underneath the lateral ventricles, and hemorrhage in this area (i.e., germinal matrix hemorrhage, GMH) is a devastating neurological disease in premature infants that results in substantial mortality and morbidity. it is located in a vascular watershed zone by 36 weeks gestational age the germinal matrix has largely disappeared reducing risk for hemorrhage in this area

Question 50

Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) Grade

Accepted Answer

Grade 1 - bleeding confined to germinal matrix Grade 2 - bleeding into ventricles but w/o ventricular dilation Grade 3 - bleeding resulting in ventricular dilation Grade 4 - large hemorrhage with associated PVHI in the parenchyma Children with prematurity IVH develop hydrocephalus because of a hemorrhage involving the germinal matrix shortly after birth. Hydrocephalus is caused by bleeding into the ventricles from a germinal matrix hemorrhage in very-low-birth-weight infants Grades III and IV are associated with hydrocephalus. hydrocephalus is more often arrested and nonprogressive (compared to myelomeningocele and aqueductal stenosis) arrested = balance between production and absorption is restored

Question 51

What accounts for the vast majority of preterm/low birthweight births.

Accepted Answer

Multiple births (twin and triplet/+)

Question 52

The current threshold of biological viability is considered to be...?

Accepted Answer

- 23 weeks gestational age in high-income countries - 34 weeks in low- and lower middle-income countries.

Question 53

When does IVH occur?

Accepted Answer

- 50% of all IVH occurring in the first 6 to 8 hours of life - 95% occurring within the first 4 to 5 days.

Question 54

Complications in preterm infants

Accepted Answer

- hypoxic/ischemic neurological events - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)/chronic lung disease - apnea of prematurity - necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) - condition inflames intestinal tissue, causing it to die d/t bacterial leakage into the belly or bloodstream (25% mortality rate) - retinopathy of prematurity, - septicemia/sepsis - patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - respiratory distress syndrome (seen in infants 28 weeks or earlier, d/t lack of surfactant - pulmonary hypertension

Question 55

Common neuropsychological sequelae among preterm children

Accepted Answer

- attention/EF - processing speed - visuospatial skills (possibly due to injury proximity to optic radiations and dorsal ventral stream) - general memory recall - sensorimotor (VMI, dexterity) - behavioral concerns (hyperactivity, poor social skills)

Question 56

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

Accepted Answer

term used to describe encephalopathy caused by a reduction in cerebral oxygenation and blood flow. the specific cause or contribution of each risk factor of preterm baby to HIE is often uncertain.

Question 57

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Accepted Answer

Refers to poor growth of a fetus during pregnancy - when the developing fetus’s weight falls below the 10th %ile compared to other babies of equal gestational age most commonly it is associated with a fetus not receiving enough oxygen and nutrition from the placenta during pregnancy IUGR is associated with abnormal development of frontal brain regions

Question 58

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)

Accepted Answer

Refers to increased vascular pressure and consequent vessel rupture and hemorrhage. Earlier onset of IVH is associated with more severe grade. 90% of all IVH occur in the first four days of life Even in infants with the lowest grades of IVH, increased incidence of learning disability is apparent.

Question 59

Imaging used in preterm infants.

Accepted Answer

early ultrasound is helpful in the detection of IVH and more severe white matter damage, it is limited in its ability to detect more subtle forms of white matter damage. In contrast, MRI is more sensitive in detecting more subtle forms of white matter damage in preterm infants.

Question 60

Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI)

Accepted Answer

- infarction that is most frequently a complication of a large (grade 4) IVH - results in asymmetric necrosis of the periventricular white matter

Question 61

periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

Accepted Answer

- can be considered a Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) - Focal necrotic lesions occur in the border end zones of MCA, PCA, ACA - Increases the risk for CP d/t abnormal functions of the corticospinal tract specifically spastic diplegia (stiff legs). More extensive PVL can include involvement of the upper extremities as well.

Question 62

Neuropsychological outcomes in preterm vs IUGR

Accepted Answer

IUGR: lower IQ, executive functioning weaknesses, and academic problems Preterm: visuospatial deficits (possibly d/t injury proximity to optic radiations and dorsal ventral stream) and motor deficits

Question 63

Three disorders of neurofibromatoses

Accepted Answer

neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) - skin and bone abnormalities resulting from tumors growing along the nerves most common and associated with ND deficits neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) - bilateral acoustic schwannomas on the eighth cranial nerve, meningiomas, and ependymomas. schwannomatosis - associated with schwannomas and chronic pain All have the development of nerve sheath tumors in common.

Question 64

Neurofibromatosis type 1

Accepted Answer

neurocutaneous autosomally dominant genetic disorder diagnostic criteria includes at least two: Six or more café-au-lait macules Two or more neurofibromas Freckling in groin Optic glioma Two or more Lisch nodules (iris abnormality) A distinctive bony lesion A first-degree relative with NF1

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Orals Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM