Oral Questions Flashcards
When is an ELT NOT required?
- Aircraft engaged in scheduled flights by scheduled air carriers
- Aircraft engaged in training operations conducted entirely within a
50 nautical mile radius of the airport from which the flight began. - Flights engaged in aerial application of chemicals and other
substances for agricultural purposes - Airplanes equipped to carry not more than one person.
What is LAHSO?
- Land and hold short operations. This operation means that aircraft
and landing and holding short of intersecting runways or some
other designated point on the runway. - Helps at airports with increased capacity and system efficiency that
is consistent with safety. - ATC may clear a pilot to land and hold short. The pilot may accept
only if the PIC determines that the aircraft can land and stop within
the Available Landing Distance (ALD). - The PIC has the final authority to accept or decline any LAHSO
Can objects be dropped from the aircraft?
- No object can be dropped out of the airplane if the operator of the
aircraft feels it creates a hazard to persons or property. - Objects can be dropped if reasonable precautions are taken to
avoid injury or damage to persons or property.
What is the supplemental oxygen requirements?
- At cabin pressures above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including
14,000 if the crewmember has been at these altitudes for longer
than 30 minutes. - Above 14,000 feet up to and including 15,000 feet, the required
minimum flight crew is provided oxygen and must use for the
entire time they are at these altitudes. - At cabin pressures above 15,000 feet each occupant of the aircraft
is provided supplemental oxygen.
What portable electronic devices can be used in an aircraft?
- Portable voice recorders
- Hearing aids
- Heart pacemakers
- Electric shavers
- Or any portable devices the PIC has determined will not cause
interference with the navigational of communication system.
What are the Special VFR Weather Minimums?
- With an ATC clearance
- Clear of clouds
- Flight visibility is at least 1 statute mile
What are the fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions?
- Fly to the first point of intended landing and at normal cruise.
- During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes
- At night, to fly after that for at lease 45 minutes.
What are the minimum safe altitudes?
- Over congested areas – city, town, or settlement, open air assembly
of persons, an altitude 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle and
within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet. - Over other than congested areas – 500 feet above the surface,
except over open water or sparely populated areas. May not
operate closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or
structure.
Define the term substantial damage?
Damage or failure which adversely affects the performance or
flight characteristics of the aircraft, structural strength and which
requires major repair or replacement of the affected component.
What is the NTSB definition of a serious injury?
- Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing from
7 days from the date the injury was received. - Fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes or
nose) - Injury causes severe hemorrhages (severe bleeding), nerve, muscle
or tendon damage - Involves any internal organ
- Involves second or third-degree burns affecting more than 5% of
the body surface.
When is the immediate notification of the NTSB required?
- Flight control system malfunction.
- Crewmember unable to perform normal duties.
- Turbine engine failure of structural components.
- In-flight fire.
- Aircraft collision-in-flight
- Property damage, other than the aircraft, estimated to exceed
$25,000 - Overdue aircraft (believed to be in an accident)
- Release of all or a portion of a propeller blade from an
aircraft. - Complete loss of information (excluding flickering) from
more than 50 percent of an aircraft’s EFIS cockpit displays.
What is an aircraft incident?
An occurrence other than an accident, associated with the
operation of the aircraft, which affects or could affect the
SAFETY of operations.
Define an aircraft accident.
An aircraft accident means an occurrence associated with the
operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any
person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all
such persons have disembarked, and which any person suffers
death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives
substantial damage.
What is Class G airspace? Visibility Requirements?
- This is uncontrolled airspace and goes from the surface up any
other airspace above it. - Day: 1 miles, clear of clouds.
- Night: 3 statute miles, 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below and
2,000 feet horizontal (3- 152’s)
What is the difference between a Normal and Utility
Category?
Normal category – The aircraft structure can withstand a load
factor of 3.8 Gs without structural failure.
Utility category – The aircraft structure must be able to withstand
a load factor of 4.4 Gs.
What are Special Flight Permits and when would you use
them?
Authorization that is issued for an aircraft that does not meet
airworthiness certification, but is safe to fly.
◦ Flying an airplane to a base when it needs repair, alteration or
maintenance.
◦ Delivering or exporting an airplane.
◦ Production flight testing
◦ Evacuating aircraft from impending danger
◦ Conducting customer demonstration flights
◦ Operation of an overweight airplane for flight beyond normal
range over water or land areas where adequate landing
facilities or fuel is not available.
What is a Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
It is a list of instruments, equipment and procedures that allow the
aircraft to be operated with inoperative equipment. It is a specific
inoperative equipment document for a particular make and model
of airplane. An FAA-approved MEL will list which items of
equipment the administrator has deemed can be broken and the
flight can be made with an acceptable level of safety. The MEL can
be obtained from the local FSDO. The MEL tells a pilot what
instruments that can be INOP and the flight can be made safely.
What are the requirements to remain current as a
Commercial Pilot?
A flight review within the previous 24 calendar months
What class of medical certificate is required for Commercial
Pilots?
A second class medical certificate is required to exercise
commercial pilot privileges
What are the ways in which a Aircraft Registration can be nullified?
30 – 30 days after death
F – Foreign registry (change the registry to another country)
T- transfer of ownership
D – Destroyed
U – U.S. citizenship revoked
C - Cancelled
What is the difference between a 100-hour and an Annual?
Annual Inspection must be done within 12 calendar months
A 100-hour inspection must be done if carrying any person (other
than a crew member) or giving flight instruction for hire.
If carrying any person for hire there must be a 100- hour
inspection plus an annual inspection. If not for hire only an
annual is required.
Who is responsible for ensuring the AD’s are complied with?
The aircraft owner or operator
A record must be maintained showing the status of the AD for the
aircraft.
The record must show method of compliance, signature and
certificate number of the mechanic or repair station who performed
the work.
First class medical
Good for 12 calendar months if under 40
Good for 6 calendar months if over 40
Required if your are an active ATP
Distant acuity of 20/20 each eye and near vision 20/40, with
or without corrective lenses. If corrective lenses (spectacles
or contact lenses) are necessary for 20/20 vision.
Distinguishes aviation red, green and white
Normal field of vision
Normal field of hearing
Second class medical
Required for you to utilize commercial pilot privileges
▪ CFI’s are not required to have a commercial rating as
they are considered teachers for hire.
Good for 12 calendar months
Distant acuity of 20/20 each eye and near vision 20/40, with
or without corrective lenses. If corrective lenses (spectacles
or contact lenses) are necessary for 20/20 vision
Distinguishes aviation red, green and white
Normal field of vision
Third Class medical
Good for 60 calendar months if less than 40
Good for 24 calendar months if 40 or greater
What every private pilot must at least hold
Distant acuity of 20/40 each eye, with or without corrective
lenses, and near vision 20/40
Distinguishes aviation red, green and white
Normal field of vision
Can a pilot take medications and still fly?
Yes, as long as the medications are on the FAA’s Safe to Use
Medication List and they will need to be reported at the next
Medical Certificate appointment or to your physician (every 4
years) if using Basic Med.
Can the pilot take over the counter medications?
If the OTC medication causes drowsiness or impairs the pilot’s
ability to perform their duties, NO.
OTC medications are included on the FAA’s Safe to Use
Medication List.
What is hypoxia?
It is the inability of the heart to deliver oxygen to the major organs.
The two organs that need oxygen the most are the brain and the
eyes.
Hypoxic hypoxia
This is the most common of the four types of
hypoxia. It is seen at altitude (Maybe this can read: Also referred to
as altitude hypoxia). The percentage of oxygen is the same but the
molecules are less concentrated the higher the pilot goes. Less
molecules taken into the lungs leads to less oxygen being delivered
by the heart to the brain.
Histotoxic hypoxia
Inability for the body to use oxygen. Toxic
substances get into the blood and prevent oxygen getting to the
organs. Examples are alcohol, narcotics (morphine, codeine,
Vicodin®) and cyanide. One ounce of alcohol will add about 2000
feet of physiological altitude to the body. Narcotics in the body
will decrease the function of lungs to deliver oxygen. Cyanide
from smoke in a cockpit fire will prevent oxygen from being
delivered.
Hypemic hypoxia
Caused by anemia, disease, blood loss, deformed
blood cells, or carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and with smokers. If the
pilot has anemia from giving blood or a blood loss, less oxygen
can be transported by the red blood cells. Carbon Monoxide(CO)
from smoking or a exhaust manifold leak will cause to hypoxia
because the CO will bind first to the red blood cell and not allow
oxygen to attach leading to hypoxia.
Stagnant hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in the body due to poor
circulation of the blood. If pilot has a weak heart (heart failure), there
will be a decrease in the amount of blood carrying oxygen being
pumped to the brain. If the pilot is pulling over 2 G’s the blood will
be pushed into the pilot’s legs and not get to the brain. In the winter
time the cold temperatures will constrict the blood vessels and not
allow oxygen to get to brain, legs and arms. Can lead to
hyperventilation.
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
Euphoria, headache, dizziness, cyanosis (purple color in lips and
nails), numbness, tunnel vision,
Every pilot will be different in the order of their symptoms, but
each time hypoxia sets in, it will occur in the same order for that
individual.
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
Euphoria, headache, dizziness, cyanosis (purple color in lips and
nails), numbness, tunnel vision,
Every pilot will be different in the order of their symptoms, but
each time hypoxia sets in, it will occur in the same order for that
individual.
What is hyperventilation?
Hyperventilation is very rapid breathing due to some stressor, like
pain, anxiety or stress. The pilot or passenger is getting rid of
Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide is needed to stimulate the breath.
The best way to stop hyperventilation is to take away the stressor.
Slow the breath down, concentrate on flying the airplane, open the
vents for some cool air and if that does not work, breath into a
paper bag. The pilot should breath into a bag and breath back the
carbon dioxide in the bag. The breathing rate will decrease. For
passengers, if these measures do not work they will eventually pass
out and sleep. You cannot die from hyperventilation. The
symptoms of hyperventilation are the same and different than
hypoxia. Hyperventilation symptoms are slow in onset and
hypoxia is fast. Hyperventilation causes spasm of the limbs, in
hypoxia the limbs go limp. In hyperventilation the skin is cold and
clammy and in hypoxia the skin is purple
What is Carbon Monoxide poisoning?
Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It will
usually get into the cabin due to a exhaust leak. CO is a by-product
of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials, such as
aviation fuel. It has a stronger binding capacity to blood vs. oxygen.
The pilot will then become hypoxic.
What precautions should be taken before flight if you or
passengers have been scuba diving?
The recommended waiting is 12 hours if going to 8,000 feet or less
if a non-controlled assent was not required.
The recommended waiting is 24 hours if going to 8,000 feet or less
if a controlled ascent was not required.
The recommended waiting is 24 hours if going above 8,000 feet
after any scuba diving.
What is standard temperature and pressure?
15 degrees C (59 degrees F)
29.92 inches of Hg
1013.2 hPa (hectopascals)
What are the 3 layers of the atmosphere?
The Troposphere – The layer where from the earth’s surface to the
Tropopause where nearly all the weather takes place (The
troposphere starts at the Earth’s surface and extends approximately
36,000’)
The Tropopause – The layer between the troposphere and the
stratosphere and is an inversion layer. This layer is where the
temperature stops decreasing as the altitude increases.
(I would change the order this reads. I would have it read in the order of
the actual atmosphere. Troposphere, stratosphere, mesophere,
themosphere)
The Stratosphere – This layer is above the tropopause and has
colder and warmer layers. The warmer closest to the sun and the
cooler closest to the tropopause. It is 20% of the atmosphere
What is the cause of all weather?
Uneven heating of the Earth by the Sun.
(Weather processes such
as wind, clouds, and precipitation are all the result of the
atmosphere responding to uneven heating of the Earth by the Sun.
A little more detailed answer.)
What causes wind?
Differences in atmospheric pressure.
Pressure goes from High to
Low and this causes wind.
Radiation Fog
Radiation fog is usually seen in the fall and
winter.
(Also known as ground fog) At night, in calm winds, the air
will cool and stabilize near the ground. When the air reaches its
dew point fog will form. The fog will extend upward and deepen.
This is most prevalent near bodies of water and in valleys where
there is little wind. It is patchy and stays in one place. The sun will
burn it off in a few hours. ( I do not like this last sentence. Maybe
could read something like: Surface temperature must rise in order
for the fog to clear)
How does the Aircraft Pressurize?
What are the privileges and limitations under BasicMed?
- Carry no more than 6 passengers
- May not carry more than 7 occupants
- Operate under IFR or VFR
- Cannot exceed a max takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds
- Cannot fly into class A airspace
- May not exceed 250 Knots
- May NOT fly for compensation or hire
-
What is a high Altitude Endorsement? When is it necessary?
- It is necessary for flight above FL250
What kind of transponder do we have? Where can you find out?
- We have a Mode S Transponder
- It is found in the GNX 375 Flight Manual
What is the bends?
Also Known As Decompression Sickness:
- It occurs when oxygen is inhaled at a higher pressure than normal
- It causes an excess of nitrogen in the blood
- If the nitrogen is not decompressed slowly it will become dissolved into the tissue which will cause it to bubble up in the blood
What altitude are most aircraft pressurized to?
- Normally, 8,000’
Are winds aloft calculated in True Heading or Magnetic Heading?
- True Heading
Where will water be if mixed with water?
Fuel will be on Top; water will be on the bottom
Where does not the nitrogen come from when you have the bends?
What are Rods?
How much liquid is in Aviation Breathing Oxygen?
- 0.01%
What are the Types of Decompression Sickness?
- Rapid
- Gradual
- Explosive
What is the most dangerous decompression sickness? Why?
- Gradual Decompression
- Because it can happen Undetected.
What is decompression Sickness?
What should you do if you are lost?
What are the components of AHRS?
- Magnetometer
- Gyroscope
- Accelerometer
How do our instruments transmit to our PFD?
Information from the OAT probe, Static Port, and Pitot Tube uses a transducer to send the information to the ADC which then goes through an HDMI chord to the PFD.
What are your Anti-Collison Lights?
- Strobe Lights
What are your Position Lights?
- NAV Lights
What does 9900 mean?
Light and variable winds
What are the typical characteristics of stable and unstable air masses?
Stable:
- Stratiform clouds, layered, fog, and overcast
- Smooth air, poor visibility, steady precipitation, temperature inversions
Unstable:
- Cumuliform clouds, thunderstorms, convective activity
- Turbulent, good visibility, showery precipitation
What stability does virga indicate?
Unstable, descending downdrafts or even microbursts
What is wind shear?
A sudden change in wind speed and/or direction
What is wind shear caused by?
fronts, jet streams, thunderstorms, microbursts, and temp inversions
Why is windshear particularly hazardous during takeoff and landing?
Loss of airspeed, performance changes, stall risk, loss of control, can’t maintain altitude
How can large temperature differences between air masses lead to turbulence or frontal activity?
- Creates air masses and frontal boundaries
- Temp differences can create friction, wind shear, and turbulence
What’s the temperature & dew/point separation look like to get fog?
Fog is likely to form when the temperature and dew point are within 2°C (about 3.6°F) of each other
When is icing most likely to occur?
Icing is most likely when temperatures are between 0°C and -20°C (32°F and -4°F)
Are clouds reported in AGL or MSL?
AGL
What is clear icing?
when large supercooled water droplets hit the plane and spread before freezing, can be hard to detect (smooth and clear), heavy, and most dangerous, forms quickly
What is rime icing?
When small supercooled water droplets hit and freeze on impact, opaque, rough, and brittle
What do you need for ice to form on the aircraft?
- Visible moisture, temperatures at or below freezing
- Aircraft surface must also be below 0*C
What should you do if you fly into IMC?
- Do a timed turn 180*
- Climb or descend
- Talk to ATC
What are the Pros and Cons of GPS?
Pros: Global coverage, high accuracy, direct routing, Easy, reduce workload
Cons: Signal vulnerable, Jamming, regulatory limits (certified equipment)
What are the Pros and Cons of VOR?
Pros: Widespread availability, reliable, cost effective, good backup navigation
Line-of-sight limits, indirect routing, aging navigation systems
How does a VOR work?
What are the VOR errors?
- Line of Sight
- Cone of Confusion
- Signal Interference
What are the VOR Checks?
- Airborne Check
- Dual Check
- Ground Check
- VOT Check
You’re flying along and realize you don’t know where you are? What is your immediate response?
The 5 C’s:
- Confess, climb, circle, communicate, conserve, comply
You’re flying and the other aircraft doesn’t look like it’s moving, what does thatmean? Which way do you both need to turn if there’s a head on collision?
On a collision course, you both need to turn right
What is the required spacing for mountainous vs non-mountainous?
Non-mountainous: 1000ft vertical separation minimum
Mountainous: 2000ft vertical separation
What’s the difference between True and Groundspeed?
True is aircraft speed through the air, groundspeed is speed moving over the ground after you add in your winds aloft
What is True Course?
starting point, the bearing line on the sectional
What is Magnetic Course?
TC corrected for variation
What is Magnetic Heading?
MC corrected for wind angle
What happens if you fail to close your VFR flight plan after landing?
They will try to call first but after 30 minutes they will do search and rescue
What are your options for closing a VFR flight plan if you land at an uncontrolled airport without radio communication?
- Call on ground
- Cancel on foreflight
What are NOTAM D’s?
General, runway closures, change in NAVAIDs, services, or lighting
Can you request Special VFR at night, and what additional requirements must be met?
Yes, but you must be instrument rated
How does the visibility and cloud clearance requirement change under Special VFR compared to standard VFR?
- Vis 1SM +
- Pilot remain clear of clouds
How does a wet/icy runway effect landing roll & braking?
Increased landing roll due to reduced friction, reduced braking effectiveness
Does fuel affect longitudinal or lateral balance? How can you counteract it?
- Longitudinal
- Counteract through: proper fuel management and evening burning of the tanks
What is AOA? What happens as it increases?
- Angle at which relative wind meets chord line of the wing
- As AOA increase, lift & drag increases, until you hit critical AOA, where stall occurs
Describe aircraft stability. static vs dynamic? Positive, neutral, negative?
Static: The initial tendency after the aircraft has been displaced.
Dynamic: The response of the aircraft OVER TIME after a disturbance has occurred
- Positive: The tendency to return to original state of equilibrium after
disturbance - Neutral: The tendency to remain in new position after disturbance
- Negative: The tendency to move further away from equilibrium after
disturbance
What are the 4 turning tendencies? How do we counteract?
Torque effect: Newton’s Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction the engine and propeller rotate clockwise ➡ plane tries to roll counterclockwise
P-factor (asymmetric thrust): At a high angle of attack, the descending blade of the propeller generates more thrust than the ascending blade, descending blade is to the right ➡ plane yaws left
Gyroscopic precession: Spinning prop act like a gyroscope, when pitch changes, force is applied 90* later causing a yawing moment
Spiraling slipstream: The airflow from the spinning propeller creates a spiraling slipstream that wraps around the fuselage and strikes the left side of the vertical stabilizer, air pushes tail to right ➡ airplane yaws left
What’s adverse yaw?
- The plane’s tendency to roll the opposite direction of the turn.
- The aileron on the outside wing goes down, increasing lift but also increasing drag on that wing. Opposite on the high wing.
- Imbalance in drag causes the nose of the aircraft to yaw in the opposite direction
of the turn
What are the primary flight controls in an airplane?
Ailerons, rudder, stabilator
What is the purpose of differential ailerons, and how do they reduce adverse yaw?
Reduces adverse yaw by asymmetrically deflecting ailerons during roll maneuvers
What are the secondary flight controls on an airplane?
Flaps, leading-edge devices, trim, spoilers, tabs
In a Pressurized Cabin, how much of a supply of oxygen is required at FL250?
- 10 Minute Supply of Oxygen for each passenger if cabin pressure is lost
Between FL350 and FL410, what are the oxygen requirements?
Single pilot at the flight controls - Must wear oxygen mask at all
times.
Two pilots at the flight controls - both pilots must have access to a
quick donning mask.
