Oral part - viruses

Question 1

Paramyxoviral infectious diseases

Family and viruses

Answer 1

Family Paramyxoviridae, RNA viruses
- Bovine parainfluenza virus
- Canine parainfluenza virus
- Canine distemper
- Rhinderpest - OIE!
- Peste des pestis ruminants - OIE!

Question 2

Newcastle disease:

Answer 2

Contagious, zoonotic and OIE listed
Newcastle disease virus or avian paramyxovirus - avulavirus
Wild and domestic birds
Respiratory disease, also GIT and CNS

Horizontal
Viral culture or serology (ELISA, HA, HIT)
No treatment

Question 3

Rhinderpest:

Paramyxoviral

Answer 3

OIE listed (eradicated), contagious!
Rhinderpest virus - morbillivirus

Mainly cattle and waterbuffalo
Cattle-plague: mouth lesions, fever, bloody diarrhoea

Horizontal transmission
Diagnosis: agar gel immunodiffusion, RT-PCR, lateral flow immunoassay
No treatment
Vaccination

Question 4

Canine distemper:

Paramyxoviral

Answer 4

Contagious
Canine distemper virus - morbillivirus
Canids - esp. young, stray, unvaccinated
Respiratory, GI and CNS

Aerosol
Virus culture, RT-PCR, ELISA, VNT, IFT
No treatment
Vaccination

Question 5

Arboviral infectious diseases:

T-R-F-B

Answer 5

Vector: arthropods
Togaviridae: Eastern, Western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (man, equine) - OIE + zoonotic

Reoviridae: African horse sickness, Bluetongue disease, Colorado tick fever

Flaviviridae: Classical swine fever, Dengue fever, West nile virus, Zika virus, Tick borne encephalitis, Yellow fever

Bunyavirida: Rift valley fever

Question 6

African horse sickness:

Answer 6

Reoviridae - African horse sickness virus
OIE!
Equids
Respiratory and cardiac impairment
4 clinical forms: pulmonary, cardiac (oedematous), mix, horse sickness fever (mild)
Virus isolation, ELISA, PCR
No treatment
Vaccination, arthropod control

Question 7

Parvoviral infectious diseases

Answer 7

Parvoviridae - protoparvovirus
DNA virus, parvo = small, non enveloped and very resistant

Question 8

Canine parvovirus:

Answer 8

Contagious
Canine parvovirus 2
Canids - esp. young, stray, unvaccinated
2 forms: enteric and cardiac
Horizontal
SNAP test, ELISA, CBC
No treatment
Vaccination

Question 9

Feline panleukopenia/feline parvovirus

Answer 9

Contagious
Feline parvovirus/feline panleukopenia virus
Felids - esp. young
Enteric form
Horizontal and vertical
SNAP test ELISA, CBC
No treatment
Vaccination, hygiene

Question 10

Other parvoviral infectious diseases:

Answer 10

Mink enteritis virus
Goose parvovirus
Porcine parvovirus
Aleutian disease in mink

Question 11

Aleutian disease in mink:

Parvoviral

Answer 11

Contagious!
Aleutian disease virus - amdovirus
Minks
GIT and CNS signs
Horizontal and vertical
Acute or chronic
D: post mortem (emaciation, inflammation, necrosis), CEP
No treatment
Quarantine, control of import, testing, breed resistance

Question 12

Poxviral infectious diseases:

Answer 12

Family poxviridae, largest and most complex, DNA virus
Cowpox virus
Bovine popular stomatitis - parapoxvirus
Goat and sheep pox - capripox virus
Lumpy skin disease - capripox OIE
Myxomatosis (rabbit) - leporipoxvirus
Fowl pox - avipoxvirus

Question 13

Cowpox:

Answer 13

Contagious and zoonotic!
Cattle, rodents, cats, humans
(primarily rodents)
Cowpox virus
Pox = pus filled pimples, lesions on skin and mucus membrane, skin rash
Horizontal - direct or indirect
Virus culture, serology (PCR)
No treatment, only supportive
No vaccination!

Question 14

Prionoses:

Answer 14

Prions = not a virus
Modified, misfolded protein
Found throughout the body
PrP = protein that can become prion
PrPC = good protein
PrPSC = bad protein
PrPSC = resistant to proteases
Cannot be degraded in the body
- Chronic, neurodegenerative, fatal disease, spongiform
TSE = transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Humans: Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
Cattle: BSE - mad cow - OIE, zoonotic if in brain + spine
Wild ruminants (deer, elk, moose) = chronic wasting disease
Sheep, goat: scrapie - OIE
Cat: feline spongiform encephalopathy

Question 15

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:

Answer 15

Cattle, OIE, zoonotic
Prions
Neurological degeneration
Classical and atypical
Horizontal and spontaneously
Infected for life!
D: histology, western blot, ELISA
Kill infected animal

Question 16

Scrapie:

Answer 16

Sheep and goat, OIE!
Prion
Neurological degeneration
Classical (ingestion of meat meal) and atypical (spontaneously)
Horizontal, spontaneous, vertical
Pruritus, ataxia, behavioural change

Histology: brain is sponge-like
Western blotting - immunoblotting
Kill infected animal, OIE!
Close system, not feeding bone and meat meal

Question 17

Coronaviral infectious diseases:

Answer 17

Coronaviridae
RNA virus with S protein
Infection of upper RT and GIT
Mammals, birds and man
Alphacoronavirus - swine, canine, feline
Betacoronavirus - bovine, equine, swine¨
Gammacoronavirus - avian
Deltacoronavirus - swine

Question 18

Bovine coronavirus:

Answer 18

GIT and RT, contagious!
Bovine coronavirus (betacoronavirus)
Ingestion
RT-PCR
Supportive care
Hygiene

Question 19

Swine coronavirus:

Answer 19

GIT - transmissible gastroenteritis
Contagious!
Swine coronavirus (alphacoronavirus)
GIT infection - 100% mortality in piglets
Ingestion
Bloody diarrhoea
Metabolic acidosis and hypoglycemia in piglets
RT-PCR
Supportive care
Hygiene

Question 20

Avian coronavirus:

Answer 20

RT - infectious bronchitis in chicken, contagious!
Gammacoronavirus
Ingestion or inhalation
RT signs, decreased egg-laying, low egg shell content
RT-PCR or ELISA
Supportive care
Vaccination (spraying vaccine over flock)

Question 21

Canine coronavirus:

Answer 21

GIT, contagious!
Canine coronavirus - alphacoronavirus
Canines
Fecal-oral transmission
Uncomplicated or complicated form
D: hematology, serology, RT-PCR, feces
Supportive treatment
Vaccination

Question 22

Feline coronavirus:

Answer 22

GIT, vascular and RT
Contagious!
Feline coronavirus - alphacoronavirus
Felines
Fecal-oral and vertical
Serology, RT-PCR, ELISA, CSF fluid, feces
Supportive treatment
Hygiene, vaccination (intranasal)

Question 23

Rabies:

Answer 23

Rabies virus, Lyssavirus - family Rhabdoviridae
OIE + zoonotic!
RNA virus
Formation of negri bodies (inclusion bodies) in neurons
Carnivores and bats are main!
All mammals
Cause encephalitis
Transmission through saliva in bite
2 forms: furious (cephalic form) and dumb rabies (paralytic form)
Diagnosis: direct fluorescent antibody test by CSF or saliva, histopathology

Vaccination!
Palliative treatment
Vaccine before symptoms as treatment!

Question 24

Picornaviral infectious diseases:

Answer 24

Picornaviridae, RNA virus, very resistant!
Many subtypes - vaccine is difficult
Foot and mouth disease - Ru - contagious, OIE!
Swine vesicular disease - contagious, OIE, zoonotic!
Avian encephalomyelitis - CNS
Duck viral hepatitis - ducklings, liver lesions
Turkey viral hepatitis - turkey, liver lesions, lower mortality

Question 25

Foot and mouth disease:

Answer 25

Contagious and OIE!
Foot and mouth disease virus, Picornaviridae, genus Aphtovirus
Cloven-hoofed animals - ruminants + pigs
Lesions on mucus membranes and feet
High morbidity, low mortality
Horizontal transmission
Mild - inapparent - severe
Lameness, loss of condition, fever, depression, hypersalivation, loss of appetite, weight loss, growth retardation, drop in milk production

History, RT-PCR, samples from vesicles, serology
No treatment, slaughter!
3 km radius
Vaccine, hygiene and quarantine

Question 26

Swine vesicular disease (FMD in pigs):

Answer 26

Contagious, OIE, zoonotic!
Swine, man gets flu like symptoms
Lesions (blisters)
Horizontal by ruptured skin vesicles, saliva, meat, fecal-oral
Do not loose condition!
Mild fever, lameness, vesicles

Samples - RT-PCR, serology
No treatment! 3 km radius protective zone
Hygiene, treatment of meat. No vaccine!

Question 27

Retroviral infectious diseases:

Answer 27

Retroviridae, RNA viruses
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Feline leukemia
Avian leukosis
Maedi visna - sheep and goat - RT and CNS, OIE!
Equine infectious anaemia - horse, OIE!

Question 28

Enzootic bovine leukosis:

Answer 28

Contagious! Permanent!
Bovine leukemia virus, oncogenic retrovirus
Cattle
Can cause lymphosarcoma
Horizontal or vertical
3 outcomes: persistent with no clinical signs, persistent with benign lymphocytosis, lymphosarcoma (malignant)
Weight loss, fever, tachycardia, dyspnoea

Diagnosis: swollen LN, lymphosarcoma, serology (lymphocytosis, RT-PCR)
No treatment, slaughter
No vaccine, regular testing for early detection

Question 29

Feline leukemia:

Answer 29

Contagious! Permanent infection!
Feline leukemia virus - retrovirus
Cats - esp kittens
Regressive (latent) or progressive (lymphosarcoma)
Horizontal, vertical

SNAP test ELISA, IFA (progressive)
Supportive treatment, blood transfusion, cortisone (reduce size of tumour)
Vaccination

Question 30

Maedi visna:

Answer 30

Contagious and OIE listed, persistent!
Lentivirus, family retroviridae
Sheep and goat
RT and CNS infection, persistent
Horizontal, vertical
2 forms:
Maedi - RT infection, chronic pneumonia and dyspnoea
Visna - CNS infection, neurological signs (encephalitis)

Diagnosis: Clinical signs, if over 2 y/o - wasting and slow progressive respiratory disease. Serology if CNS (RT-PCR, ELISA)
No treatment, slaughter
Vaccination + frequent testing

Question 31

Herpesviral infectious diseases:

Answer 31

Herpesviridae, persistent!
DNA viruses, resist in environment
GIT, RT, reproductive system (genital vesicular eroptions)
Economically important!
-Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
-Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
-Aujeszky’s disease - porcine herpesvirus 1
-Canine herpesvirus - CHV 1 - respiratory
-Avian infectious laryngotracheitis and Marek’s disease - birds, respiratory

Question 32

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) /pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV):

Answer 32

Persistent, contagious and OIE-listed!
Bovine herpesvirus 1
Mainly cattle
Respiratory and reproductive tract - abortions
Horizontal and vertical (aerogenic, semen, contact)
IBR: respiratory distress, nasal secretions, weight loss, red nose (nasal mucosa necrosis), salivation, pneumonia, conjunctivitis. Newborn calves = 100% morbidity, low mortality
IPV: vulva, vagina and prepuce has edema, hyperemia, small pustules (white-yellow pus), lesions disappear after 2 weeks, abortion

D: serology, PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence
No treatment, slaughter
Vaccination, quarantine, control, hygiene

Question 33

Aujeszky’s disease:

Answer 33

Contagious and OIE listed!
Porcine herpesvirus 1, herpesviridae
Mainly pigs, others by ingestion of meat
CNS signs and reproductive problems, abortion
Horizontal and vertical
Young more fatally affected
Newborn: fever, depression, CNS signs (100% mortality)
3-4 weeks: nervous, CNS (70% mortality)
4 weeks - 3 months: loss of appetite, mild fever, CNS 5-30% mortality
Adult: fever, rare CNS, anorexia, resp. signs, abortion

Other animals: Ru (death within 2 days, pruritus and CNS), carnivores (hypersalivation and CNS) - PSEUDORABIES!

D: sample from CNS or tonsils for VNT, serology (ELISA)
No treatment, slaughter
Vaccination, screening

Question 34

Canine herpesvirus:

Answer 34

'’Pseudorabies’’
Canine herpesvirus 1
Dogs
RT, reproductive and CNS
Horizontal and vertical
D: PCR
No treatment, supportive
Vaccinate pregnant bitch to provide Ab

Question 35

Feline herpesvirus (Rhinotracheitis):

Answer 35

Feline herpesvirus 1
Cats
RT
Horizontal - oronasal secretion, fomites and aerosols
Resp problems, conjunctivitis, latent
D: PCR
No treatment, supportive

Question 36

Avian herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis and Marek’s disease:

Answer 36

Gallid herpesvirus 1/2
Birds - most common chicken
RT problems - laryngotracheitis and tumor
Horizontal - inhalation

Hemorrhagic, tracheitis, coughing, grey eyes, paralysis (Marek: one leg in front of other)
D: PCR
No treatment
Culling of tumor

Question 37

Pestiviral infectious diseases:

Answer 37

Pestivirus, f Flaviviridae, RNA virus
Persistent!
Flavivirus
Hepacivirus
Pestivirus (BVD) - OIE

Question 38

Bovine viral diarrhoea:

Answer 38

OIE, persistent!
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Mainly cattle, esp. young. Maybe sheep and pig.
Respiratory and diarrhoeal disease
Horizontal and vertical

Non-pregnant: acute form - fever, resp signs and diarrhoea
Pregnant: depend on stage. Early - abortion, malformed/sick calf if late.
D: fecal samples - VNT, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescent test
Slaughter
Vaccination to protect calf, test regularly

Question 39

Classical swine fever and african swine fever:

Answer 39

Flaviviridae - Pestivirus - CSF
Asfarviridae - ASF
Clinically similar and cannot be distinguished in field, lab test!
Infected and protection zone if outbreak!

Question 40

Classical swine fever ‘‘hog cholera’’:

Answer 40

Classical swine fever virus
Flaviviridae - Pestivirus
Arbovirus - arthropod borne infectious disease
RNA virus
Persistent infection!
OIE and contagious!
Swine
Hemorrhagic disease
Horizontal and vertical, vector
2 forms:
- acute: fever, anorexia, lethargy, purple discolouration, death within 2 weeks
- chronic: fever, diarrhoea, decreased appetite

D:
live - hematology, serology
dead - organ sample - tonsils, LN, spleen - PCR
No treatment! Slaughter and report!
Vaccination in endemic areas

Question 41

African swine fever:

Answer 41

Asfarviridae
Arbovirus
DNA virus - more resistant
OIE listed and contagious
African swine fever virus
Swine
Hemorrhagic disease
Horizontal
3 forms: peracute, acute, chronic (bloody diarrhoea)
D: serology (ELISA), fetus/placenta, post mortem
No treatment! Slaughter and report
Strict import, control ticks, chemical disinfection and increased temp. No vaccine!

Question 42

Reoviral infectious diseases:

Answer 42

Family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus
RNA virus
26 serotypes

Question 43

Bluetongue:

Answer 43

OIE-listed, not contagious!
Bluetongue virus, f Reoviridae, g Orbivirus
Ruminants - wild and domestic
RT and GIT
Vector - culicoides midges - mosquito
General signs: fever, salivation, oedema of face, lameness
GIT signs: hyperemic and cyanotic tongue, ulcers in mouth
RT signs: nasal discharge, dyspnoea, pneumonia
Death 8-10 days or recovery

D:
live - blood - VNT, PCR, ELISA (Ag)
dead - organs - VNT, PCR, ELISA (Ag)
No treatment, supportive care
Vaccination, insect!