Oral Functions: Swallowing and Speech Flashcards
What causes variations in the durations of the masticatory sequence components?
food consistency
What are the 3 stages of swallowing?
voluntary or involuntary?
- buccal/oral - voluntary
- pharyngeal - involuntary
- esophageal -involuntary
What is swallowing?
Process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach (feeding function)
What does the process of swallowing prevent?
Prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway (protective function)
What are swallowing forces strong enough to do?
move a bolus ‘uphill’ as well as ‘downhill’
What are the components of the preventing reflux?
- Elevation of soft palate
- Tongue (sides) contacts pillars of fauces
- Tongue (dorsum) contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
- Upper oesophageal sphincter
-reflux from oesophagus into pharynx - Reflux from oesophagus into pharynx
-reflux from stomach into oesophagus
How can stomach acid erode teeth?
methods of contact
reflux, vomiting, regurgitation, and rumination.
What is attrition?
how can it be noticed?
tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth (bruxism/parafunction)
- The teeth inter-digitate indicating that attrition is occurring.
- Equal amounts between upper and lower
What is abrasion?
loss of tooth surface due to friction and rubbing, can occur anywhere on the tooth and is from external sources (not like attrition)
for example, brushing too hard or chewing on pens
erosion can make it worse as weakened enamel is more susceptible
What does abrasion usually present with?
erosion
How does abrasion occur?
Acids weaken the outer 3-5 microns of mineralised tissue and increase the susceptibility of the enamel and dentine to abrasion from tooth brushing with or without toothpaste.
What is abfraction?
Wedge-shaped notch caused by flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions).
What is abfraction dependant on?
magnitude, duration, frequency and location of the occlusal forces.
How is the airway protected during swallowing?
- Upward and forward
movement of larynx - Closure of laryngeal inlet
– aryepiglottic muscles
– epiglottis - Adduction of vocal folds
- Stop breathing (apnoea)
What is dyspasia?
what areas of the brain are damaged?
(sometimes called ‘aphasia’) – a specific language disorder
– involving damage to particular parts of brain
– Broca’s area
– Wernicke’s area
What is dysphagia?
difficulty/inability in swallowing
What is odynophagia?
pathological condition in which the affected person experiences extreme pain when swallowing
What is dysarthria?
and what causes it?
difficulty speaking that is caused by
problems with the muscles used in speech.
– due to neuro-muscular defects
– lesions in descending neural pathways, cranial nerves, vocal muscles, neuromuscular junctions
What are the oral causes of language and speech defects?
- Malocclusions
- Loss of teeth and denture related
- Cleft lip/palate
- Tongue - related
- Dry mouth
What is cleft palate?
- Oral and nasal cavities are not separated
- Speech has ‘nasal’ quality
What are conditions affecting the tongue?
tongue tie
partial atrophy
tongue stud
What can occur in dry mouth regarding speech?
One of the serious repercussions of dry mouth is impeded speech.
With inadequate saliva production, pronouncing words becomes difficult.
People who have dry mouth and difficulty speaking cannot simply ‘swallow’ and start talking normally.
What are torus?
mandibularis or palatinus
bony growth
can be removed
Why can dentures cause speech issues?
- Problems arise mainly from restricted tongue space
- denture base plate is too thick
- artificial teeth not set properly
What can excessive thickening of the denture palate change the sound of?
laterally prevents close adaptation of the tongue to the palate so that the /s/ becomes /sh/
What can loss of maxillary anterior teeth cause?
may prevent the clear reproduction of certain sounds particularly ‘F’ and ‘V’
What are the f, v and ph sounds made be?
made by the lower lip (vermillion border) contacting the edges of maxillary incisors.
How can the tone of the lips and cheeks be assessed when patient is wearing dentures?
buy asking fundamental questions (eg address, family details).
This will indicate the functional relationship of the lips and tongue to dentures in speech.
What is embouchure?
the position and use of lips, tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument
When may embouchure be affected?
loss of teeth
What are the two types of wind instruments?
intra-oral mouthpieces
extra-oral mouthpieces
What changes in the playing of different mouthpiece instruments?
Position of mouthpiece relative to teeth
Mouth opening (gape)
Relation of jaws
Position of hyoid bone
Position of dorsum of tongue
What does the trumpet mouthpiece do to the teeth?
The trumpet mouthpiece is usually centered on the lips
It tends to move all front teeth backwards
What should be considered for wind instrument players?
Wind instrument players may have special needs in respect to the retention of an appliance and placement of teeth.
