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2 - Oral Biology (Head And Neck Anatomy) > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of bone and how much of the skeleton do they make up?

A
  • Cortical, compact bone
    dense outer plate
    80-85% of skeleton
  • Cancellous, spongy bone
    internal trabecular scaffolding
    15-20% of skeleton
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2
Q

What is the structure of cortical bone and what is it’s alternative name?

A
  • Cortical bone has nutrient canals, containing blood vessels
  • Cortical bone lining tooth sockets is penetrated by bundles of collagen fibres of PDL (Sharpey’s fibres)
  • This bone is also called ‘bundle’ bone
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3
Q

What is the compositon of bone?

A

60% inorganic
25% organic
15% water

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4
Q

What is the organic component of bone made of?

A
  • Collagen (90%)
  • Glycoproteins
    – Osteocalcin
    – Osteonectin
    – Osteopontin
    – Sialoproteins
  • GAGS
    – Hyaluronic acid
  • Proteoglycans (GAGs)
    – Chondroitin SO4
    – Dermatan SO4
    – Keratan SO4
    – Heparan SO4
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5
Q

What organic components are present for repair?

A

Glycoproteins

Osteocalcin
Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Sialoproteins

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6
Q

What does the ground substance of bone behave like?

A

semi-fluid gel

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7
Q

What fibres are found in ECM of bone?

A

– Collagen
– Elastin
– Other non-collagenous proteins

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of woven bone?

A
  • rapidly laid down
  • Irregular deposition of collagen
  • present in fetus,
  • fracture repair (callus)
  • contains many osteocytes
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of lamellar bone?

A
  • laid down more slowly
  • Collagen fibres laid down in parallel
  • normal form in adult
  • contains fewer osteocytes
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10
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A
  • Laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone)
  • Form longitudinal columns
  • Organised in Haversian systems (oseteon) around central (Haversian) canal

osteocytes within lacunae communicating via canaliculi

  • Lateral (Volkman’s) canals
  • Canals contain blood vessels
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11
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

Network of thin trabeculae
* Trabeculae consist of lamellae
* Osteocytes present
* No obvious Haversian systems
* The bone is thin, and nutrients can diffuse in
* Bone marrow present in the spaces between trabeculae

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12
Q

What are characteristics of osteoblasts?

A
  • Lie on surface of bone, inner layer of periosteum
  • Derived from mesenchymal stem cells
  • Synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix
  • The matrix is mineralised by calcium salts
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13
Q

What are characteristics of osteocytes?

A
  • Osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone
  • Lie within spaces - lacunae
  • Contact other osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi
    • Osteocytes also appear to
      communicate with osteoblasts (which are at the surface of the bone)
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of osteoclasts?

A
  • Large, multinucleate cells, derived from haemopoietic stem cells
  • Related to macrophages
  • They resorb bone (produce acid phosphatases)
  • Lie in concavities in bone : Howship’s lacunae
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15
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A
  • Removal and replacement of bone tissue, without change in overall shape
  • Resorption balanced by deposition (apposition).
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16
Q

What is bone remodelling controlled by and what is it regulated by?

A

The process is regulated by:
– hormones (e.g. parathyroid hormone, calcitonin)
– Paracrines (various cytokines)

Controlled by osteoblasts

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17
Q

What is the reversal line in histology?

A

Scalloped edge that shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition.

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18
Q

What does tooth movement require?

A

require remodelling of adjacent soft and hard tissues

19
Q

When do tooth movements occur?

A
  • during eruption
  • post-eruptive (e.g. mesial drift)
  • orthodontic forces
20
Q

What are the qualities of cartilage?

A
  • Semi-rigid, unmineralised connective tissue
  • Matrix is similar to bone:
    –Ground substance
    – Fibres
21
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

– Widespread
– Larynx, nasal septum, trachea, ends of ribs (costal cartilages), articular surfaces, embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone)

22
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

– Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

23
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

– External ear, epiglottis, Eustacian tube

24
Q

What are qualities of cartilage cells and how are they formed?

A

Formed by chondroblasts
* These get trapped the matrix and become chondrocytes
* Avascular
* Nutrient diffuses in
* Some channels are present in thick areas of cartilage

25
Q

What can chondrocytes store?

A

stores of lipid, glycogen which are nutrients as cartilage is avascular

26
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

– Happens mostly in ‘long’ bones
– Cartilage precursor
– Cartilage proliferation
– Cartilage finally replaced with bone

27
Q

What happens in intramembranous ossification?

A

– Happens mostly in ‘flat’ bones
– Bone formed from beginning in connective tissue
– No cartilage precursor

28
Q

Where does cartilage proliferation and growth occur?

A

at the epiphyses of long bones

29
Q

What is unique about the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis? (base of skull)

A

it has a mixture of intramembranous and endochondral ossification

30
Q

What bone is affected in achondroplasia?

A

genetic defect of cartilage growth.
Endochondral bone growth is impaired.
Intramembranous bone growth is unaffected.

31
Q

What bone is developed in the TMJ?

A

endocondral

32
Q

What processes in the mandible change shape throughout life?

A

condyle, coronoid, alveolar, and angular processes

33
Q

What happens in edentulous jaws?

A

reduced processes especially alveolar process

34
Q

What the remainder connective tissue surrounding the developing intramembranous bone will become?

A

Periosteum

35
Q

Which cells are found surrounding the developing bone?

A

Osteoblasts

36
Q

Which structures are found between the developing mandible and Meckel’s cartilage in this slide?

A

Inferior alveolar artery

Inferior alveolar nerve

37
Q

What is the name of these cells trapped in bone?

A

Osteocytes

38
Q

What tissues do you see lateral and posterior to the developing ramus of the mandible?

A

Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Parotid gland

39
Q

What is the name of these multinucleated cells on the surface of bone?

A

Osteoclasts

40
Q

What allows the skull to be passed through during birth?

A

The fontanelles are compressed as the head passes through the birth canal during child birth, this compression allows the skull to be squashed as it passes through.

41
Q

What is amelogensis imperfecta caused by?

A

It is caused by the lack or of enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown of the organic matrix which would otherwise allow for the crystallites to finish their growth. Because of this the organic matrix is not fully broken down.

42
Q

Nerve block vs infiltration?

A

block = injection will anesthetize multiple teeth in a quadrant. anesthetises branches

infiltration = Is when anesthetic is delivered to the terminal branches of the nerve and is confined to a small region of anesthesia

43
Q

Where do you find the fovea palatinae?

A

anterior to hard palate

2 - Oral Biology (Head And Neck Anatomy) (13 decks)

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