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Oral biology > Oral functions > Flashcards

Oral functions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the masseter muscle

A

Origin - zygomatic arch
Insertion - lateral surface and angle of mandible
Action - elevates mandible

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2
Q

How do you examine the masseter muscle

A

Place one finger
intra-orally and the
other on the cheek

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3
Q

When would a patients masseter muscle be tender

A

In patients who have a clenching habit

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4
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the temporalis

A

Origin - floor of temporal fossa
Insertion - coronoid process and anterior border of ramus
Action - elevates and retracts mandible

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5
Q

What muscle is affected by a bruxist habit

A

Temporalis

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6
Q

How is the temporalis examined

A

Palpate its origin by asking the
patient to clench the teeth
together.

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7
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the lateral pterygoid

A

Origin: from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion: anterior border of the condyle and intra-articular disc via two independent heads
Function: protrudes and laterally deviates the mandible and the inferior head functions with the mandibular depressors during openings.

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8
Q

Where does the inferior and superior belly of the lateral pterygoid attach to th condyle

A

The inferior belly of the lateral pterygoid
attaches to the head of the condyle.
The superior belly inserts into the intra articular disc

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9
Q

How is the lateral pterygoid examined

A

Best examined by recording its response to
resisted movement. (ask patient to push jaw against pressure)
There is a good correlation between the
resisted movement test and the muscle being
tender to palpation.

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10
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the medial pterygoid

A

Origin - deep head: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate ; superficial head: tuberosity of maxilla
Insertion - medial surface of angle of mandible
Action - elevates and assists in protrusion of the mandible

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11
Q

How is the medial pterygoid examined

A

There is no reliable way of examining this muscle

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12
Q

Following a LA injection if a patient cannot fully open their mouth the next day what muscle was hit

A

Medial pterygoid

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13
Q

What is trismus

A

Lockjaw, chewing muscles become contracted and inflamed

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14
Q

What are the movements of the TMJ

A

Rotation - initial opening Translation - wider opening

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15
Q

What TMJ movement is needed for protrusive and retrusive movements

A

Translation

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16
Q

What is the movement of the condyles during protrusion and retrusion

A

As the mandible moves during
protrusion, both condyles leave their
fossae and move forward along the
articular eminences.
When the mandible retrudes, both
condyles leave the eminences and
move back into their respective fossae

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17
Q

Who discovered the extent of the mobility of the mandible

A

Ulf Posselt

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18
Q

What is the maximum biting and clenching forces

A

Varies between teeth
* Maximum between
molars (200-700N)

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19
Q

What is the world record biting force

A

4300N

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20
Q

What factors affect max bite force

A

Psychological
-fear of breaking teeth

Muscle mass
-bigger muscles

Muscle fibre types
Type I– Slow, low forces
Type II– Fast, stronger forces,
Sub-types (IIA, IIX, IIB)– Predominant fibre type
varies, depending on jaw morphology, diet
Evidence that people with ‘squarer’ jaws, have more
Type II fibres and can generate stronger bite forces

Tooth type and position
-Position relative to TMJ (molars are nearer the force so can appy more force)

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21
Q

What is the different between muscle fibre types in the mandible

A

Type I– Slow, low forces
Type II– Fast, stronger forces,
Sub-types (IIA, IIX, IIB)– Predominant fibre type
varies, depending on jaw
morphology, diet

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22
Q

Where is the greatest bite forces generated

A

Between 1st molars

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23
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles

A
  • Digastric
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
24
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles

A

-Sternohyoid
–Omohyoid
–Thyrohyoid
–Sternothyroid

25
Q

What is another name for infrahyoid muscles

A

‘Strap’ muscles

26
Q

What muscles act as jaw depressors when the hyoud bone is fixed

A

– Digastric
– Mylohyoid
– Geniohyoid *

27
Q

What are the intrinsic tongue muscles and their function

A

Alter shape
-longitudinal
-vertical
-transverse

28
Q

What are the extrinsic tongue muscle and their function

A

Alter shape and position
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus

29
Q

What facial muscles helpmaintain food in the oral cavity

A

Orbicularis oris
Buccinator

30
Q

What cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the mandible

A

Trigeminal nerve

31
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the molars

A

Mandibular division
Inferior alveolar nerve

32
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve stem from

A

Brainstem

33
Q

What nerve supplies sensory function to anterior mandibular teeth

A

Mental nerve (stems from inferioralveolar nerve)

34
Q

Where does the mental nerve exit the mandible

A

Mental foramen

35
Q

What is the ID nerve

A

Inferior alveolar nerve (inferior dental nerve)

36
Q

Where does the inferior alveolar nerve enter the mandible

A

Lingula

37
Q

What is paraesthesia

A

an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking (pins and needles)

38
Q

What is dysaesthesia

A

an abnormal unpleasant sensation felt when touched, caused by damage to peripheral nerves

39
Q

What is the Gagging reflex and how is it brough about

A

Acts to prevent material entering pharynx

Evoked by mechanical stimulation of fauces, palate, posterior
tongue, pharynx

Similar to vomiting, but there is no ejection of material

Some patients gag when instruments and/or materials are placed in
the mouth

40
Q

When is gagging reflex a clinical problem

A

When patients have an oversensitive gag reflex

41
Q

What nerves are involved in the gagging reflex

A

Motor (efferent) response from V,IX,X,XI,XII
Sensory (afferent) response from IX
The motor visceral nerves of the salivary glands are also stimulated

42
Q

By name which cranial nerves are involved on the gagging reflex

A

Trigeminal
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

43
Q

How is a RPD designed to reduce risk of gagging in oversensitive patients

A

Constructed with a retaining mesh tofacilitate the attachment of acrylic extension which can be adjusted more easily

Magnets can be used to hold it in place

44
Q

When is facial paralysis classed as bell’s palsy

A

Bell’s palsy is coined for any type of facial paralysis that does not have any other associated causes such as tumors, trauma and salivary gland inflammation

45
Q

What facial muscles are particularly impacted with bell’s palsy

A

Orbicularis oris
Buccinator

46
Q

What are some causes of Bell’s Palsy

A

Infections(HSV/Cold sores)
Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Diabetes
Trauma
Temp infiltration of LA to the facial nerve branches

47
Q

How can injection of LA cause Bell’s Palsy

A

occurs when the injection is given too far distally and the parotid gland is penetrated,
allowing the diffusion of the LA through loose glandular tissue, which then affects all
five terminal branches of the facial nerve.

48
Q

How should temporary palsy be treated after injection causes the complication

A

Tell the patient and reassure it is temporary and give an eye patch to protext the cornea until protective blink reflex returns

49
Q

Why is extraction of viable teeth to make a full denture not recommended

A

While the roots and their periodontal ligaments remain, periodontal mechanoceptors allow finer discrimination of food texture, tooth contacts and levels of functional loading

A better a appreciation of food and
a more precise control of mandibular movements than is provided by full dentures.

50
Q

What is the alternative for a patient wanting full dentures but still has a few viable teeth

A

Periodontal machenorecptors overdentures
-Keep periodontal ligaments with remaining teeth so more precisse control of mandibular movements and finer discrimination of food texture

51
Q

What does the loss of periodontal mechanoreceptors influence

A

the control of jaw function
the precision of magnitude
direction
rate of occlusal load
application

52
Q

What oral functions do periodontal mechanoreceptors contribute to

A

Mastication (food consistency) Salivation
Interdental discrimination

53
Q

What is interdental discrimination

A
  • Ability to gauge extent of mouth opening
  • Coordination of masticatory movements
  • Monitoring size of food particles
  • Detection of ‘high’ spots
  • Foil thresholds 8-60μm
54
Q

What can cause dysphagia

A
  • stroke
  • brain injury
  • multiple sclerosis
  • gastroesophageal reflux disorder
  • tumours
55
Q

Why do smelling disorders often affect the sense of taste

A

The sense of smell stimulates salivary glands

Oral biology (13 decks)

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