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Oral biology > Enamel > Flashcards

Enamel Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cariogenic mean

A

Something that creates caries

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2
Q

What are the functions/structure of enamel

A

-Hardest tissue in body​
-Resists abrasion​
-Brittle​
-Supported by dentine​
-Covers tooth crown​
-Varies in thickness​
-Translucent​
-Transparency increases with mineralisation​

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3
Q

What is attrition

A

Attrition - the normal everyday wear of a tooth on incisal or occlusal surfaces
Erosion

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4
Q

what is abrasion

A

the wear of a tooth over unusual activity, more pathological wear of tooth. Usually associated with grinding teeth

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5
Q

Why must Enamel be supported

A

Never leave enamel unsupported as it will break much easier due to lack of dentine.

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6
Q

Amelodentinal junction ADJ/EDJ

A

Junction where enamel and dentine meet

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7
Q

Why does enamel have different thicknesses

A

-Surface enamel more mineralised and harder than deeper enamel​

-Hardness decreases from cusp tip/ incisal edge to cervical region​

-These properties have functional and clinical significance

Enamel on molars is thicker to withstand greater trauma due to chewing while incisors are primarily used for biting

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8
Q

Make up of enamel

A

Hydroxyapatite (HA) ​
-95% weight (90% volume)​

Water ​
-4% weight (5-10% volume)​

Organic matrix ​
-1% weight; (1-2% volume)​
-Proteins: Amelogenins; enamelins, peptides, amino acids​
​

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9
Q

What is erosion

A

The loss of tooth enamel caused by acid attack

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10
Q

What are the dimensions of an enamel rod

A

5 micrometres x 2.5 mm

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11
Q

How is rod structure determined (head + tail)

A

It is a result of variations in orientation of crystallites in different parts of the rod

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12
Q

What regulates the nanomechanical properties of enamel

A

Minor protein component (Amelogenins; enamelins, peptides, amino acids)

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13
Q

How are crytallites deposited

A

At right angles to ameloblast membrane

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14
Q

When is crystallite orientation determined

A

During enamel formatiomn

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15
Q

How does tooth whitening affect teeth (aside from whitening)

A

Removes organic content such as water and proteins which makes the enamel more brittle and at risk of fracture

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16
Q

What are hydroxyappatite crystallites composed of

A

Calcium
Phosphate
OH

17
Q

Which material contains the largest HA crystallites

A

Enamel (greater than bon, cementum and dentine)

18
Q

What can magnesium carbonate and flouride substitute within hydroxyappatite

A

Ca - Mg
P - CO3
OH - F

19
Q

When is enamel more and less resistant to acid

A

High conc of CO3 in hydroxyappatite - Less resistant, more susceptible
High conc of Flouride in Hydroxyappatite - More resistant

20
Q

How are enamel rods arranged

A

Run in a sinusodial course (parallel)

21
Q

Where are Hunter-Schreger bands NOT present

A

Absent in outer enamel

22
Q

What is Gnarled enamel

A

Present at cusps, optical effect of intertwined enamel

23
Q

What causes neonatal lines (marks in enamel)

A

Trauma during intra-uterine life

24
Q

What are enamel tufts

A

hypomineralised regions due to residual matrix protein at prism boundaries

25
Q

What is enamel lamella

A

incomplete maturation of groups of prisms - ‘fault’ line extending through enamel thickness

26
Q

Where are enamel lamella and enamel tufts found

A

Enamel -dentine junction

27
Q

What are enamel spindles

A

Odontoblast processes extending into the enamel from the initial formation of the enamel

28
Q

How to differentiate between enamel and dentine

A

scalloping on enamel edge
rods much thinner than dentine tubules

29
Q

The scalloping found on the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) is more pronounced in the incisal and cuspal regions, compared with the side of the crown what is the advantage of this

A

The scalloped junction may provide a better mechanical union between enamel and dentine. There is increased surface of contact. Also, the interlocking shape may provide more resistance to lateral, shearing forces.

30
Q

What is the functional significance of gnarled enamel

A

The spatial arrangement of prisms may provide some resilience so that the enamel ‘gives’ very slightly during application of occlusal loads

31
Q

What are enamel spindles

A

They are thought to be formed by odontoblast processes that extend for a short distance into the internal enamel epithelium layer of the enamel organ

32
Q

What are enamel tufts

A

They represent regions of incompletely mineralised enamel matrix. They extend a short distance from the ADJ.

33
Q

What are enamel lamellae

A

They represent regions of incompletely mineralised enamel matrix. They extend through the full thickness of enamel

34
Q

What are dead tracts

A

These appear dark when viewed under transmitted light. The tubules are empty, and are sealed at the pulpal end by the deposition of tertiary dentine

Oral biology (12 decks)

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