Oral Conditions Flashcards
What is angular chelitis?
Aka angular stomatitis. Redness and cracking at the side of the mouth
What causes angular chelitis?
An infection caused by candilus, staph, strep predisposed by anaemia/haematinic deficiency
What is apthous stomatitis?
Ulceration inside the mouth - can indicate anaemia
What are the signs of direct and indirect involvement of the mouth in Crohn’s?
Direct: Intraoral ulceration Indirect: Lip swelling, blood loss and malabsorption
What are the oral manifestations of ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease?
Indirect signs of malabsorption
What are the oral manifestations of diabetes?
Pt is more susceptible to candidosis
What are one of the oral side effects of nicorandil?
Oral ulceration
What is the most common dermatological condition to present orally?
Lichen planus
What is the oral manifestations of mucous membrane pemphigoid?
Patients produce antibodies to specific components of the basement membrane of epithelium so blisters and vesicles breakdown to form ulcers
What is the oral presentation of rheumatological disease Siogren’s Syndrome?
Oral dryness ( is a autoimmune connective tissue disorder)
How can HIV/AIDs present orally?
• Hairy leukoplakia (caused by epstein barr virus) • Kaposi’s sarcoma (tumour of endothelial cells) • Candidosis (recurrent)
What is meant by potentially malignant disorders?
An increased risk of malignancy which is present either at the time of diagnosis or at a future date
What is leukoplakia?
Leukoplakia is a white patch that develops in the mouth, associated with risk of squamous cell cancer
What are the risk factors for malignant transformation from leukoplakia?
- Female gender - Long duration - Non-homogenous appearance - Found on tongue/floor of mouth - >200 mm size - Presence of dysplasia - Non-smoker (Although smoking increases the risk of having it at all, if you are a non-smoker and have it then it shows that the only driving force is genetic instability)
What is erythroplakia?
Fiery red patch that cannot be characterized either clinically or pathologically as any other definable lesion
What is sub mucous fibrosis?
Characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues
What are the 3 main pre-malignant disorders of the mouth?
- Leukoplakia - Erythroplakia - Submucous fibrosis
What are the 4 malignant neoplasms that can affect the mouth?
- Squamous cell carcinoma (95%) - Kaposi’s sarcoma - Salivary gland tumours e.g. adenoid cystic carcinoma - Lymphoma
What are some of the risk factors for oral carcinoma?
• Cigarette smoking alone • Alcohol consumption alone (3 or > drinks per day) • Paan (betel quid) • Areca nut • Smokeless tobacco • Reverse smoking (smoking the lit end) • Poor diet • Viruses e.g. HPV
How may oral carcinomas present?
- Granular surface which appears red and rough - Exophytic – growing out of the mouth - On palpation of the lesions • Indurated (hardened) • Fixed – don’t move freely
What 3 oral conditions have significant public health impact?
• Tooth decay (dental caries) • Gum disease (periodontal disease) • Oral cancer
What are dental caries?
Essentially tooth decay. Dental caries is a dynamic process involving the exchange of calcium and phosphate ions between tooth structure and saliva (plaque fluid), in the presence of acids produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates by oral micro – organisms
What is the main risk for dental caries?
Excessive sugar consumption
What is used to measure dental caries?
DMF index (decayed, missing for filled teeth/surfaces) - shows current or past treatment of caries
Where are dental caries most commonly found within the mouth?
Back of the mouth in the molars
What are periodontal diseases?
Group of related conditions, both acute and chronic, characterised by inflammation of the periodontal tissues in response to the presence of dental plaque
What are some of the main periodontal diseases?
• Gingivitis • Chronic periodontitis • Aggressive periodontitis • Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) • Periodontal abscess
What are the stages of periodontal disease?
1) Inflammation develops around the gum. 2) Gum comes away from the tooth 3) More bugs get into the pocket that’s formed 4) Destruction of the tooth and gums causes the tooth to become extra-mobile and eventually fall out
What are the treatments for periodontal disease?
- Oral Hygiene - Stop smoking - Scaling and root planing - Surgery - Extraction
What screening programmes are in place for dental caries?
- National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP) - Two levels: • Basic examination • Detailed examination • P1 or P7 children
Where are the main high risk sites of carcinoma within the mouth?
Fl oor of mouth, lateral border of and ventral tongue, soft palate, retromolar pad/ tonsillar pillars
