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Anatomy #2- Head and Neck > Oral Cavity, tongue, salivary glands > Flashcards

Oral Cavity, tongue, salivary glands Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the oral cavity

A
  • Prehension of food
  • Mastication
  • Insalivation of food
  • Aggression and defense
  • Breathing
  • Vocalization
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2
Q

Components of the oral cavity

A
  • Walls of the oral cavity
  • Accessory structures that project into it (teeth and tongue)
  • Structure that drain into it (salivary glands)
  • Starts between lips and continues into pharynx
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3
Q

What are lips made of?

A
  • Skin
  • Intermediate layer of muscle
  • Tendon
  • Salivary Glands- scattered among muscles of mucosa
  • Oral mucosa
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4
Q

Muscles and nerves of lips

A
  • Mimetic muscles- allow lips to raise, depress or retract lips
  • Facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)
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5
Q

Form of lips depending on diet and feeding

A
  • Wide gap- when there is a need to use teeth in seizing prey or fighting
  • Smaller opening- herbivores and rodents
  • Newborn animals- lips form a seal around the teat for suckling
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6
Q

Dog lips

A
  • Extensive but thin
  • Can be drawn from teeth to show aggression
  • Not that motile
  • Have serrated margins
  • Lower lip is loose but fastens to lower jaw at level of canine
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7
Q

Horse lips

A
  • Lips are sensitive and mobile for food prehension
  • Can have hair (vibrissae or whiskers) on their upper lip
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8
Q

Cattle lips

A
  • Tongue used to collect food so lips are thick and insensitive
  • Area above upper lip is modified hairless and moist skin called nasolabial plate (nose printing ID)
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9
Q

Sheep and goat lips

A
  • Lips used for prehension of food so more motile
  • Hairless skin above lip is smaller, called philtrum
  • Have conical papillae that protect mucosa from roughage in ruminants
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10
Q

Oral cavity divisions

A
  1. Oral (outer) vestibule
  2. Oral cavity proper
  3. Cheeks (buccae)
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11
Q

Oral vestibule

A
  • area between lips/cheek/jaw and teeth/oral cavity proper
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12
Q

Oral cavity proper

A
  • internal area from teeth.
  • Ends at caudal limit= palato-glossal arch
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13
Q

Palato- glossal arch

A
  • Mucosal folds from soft palate to each side of tongue root
  • Best seen when tongue pulled to one side
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14
Q

Cheeks (buccae)

A
  • structurally similar to lips
  • herbivores: have protective buccal papillae
  • supported by buccinator muscle which helps return food into oral cavity proper
  • has some buccal salivary glands
  • buccal folds- allow occasional max opening of mouth while avoiding injury by teeth
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15
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • starts when the oral cavity ends
  • has palatine tonsils on the caudolateral sides
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16
Q

Tongue attachment to cavity

A
  • Frenulum- attaches tongue to oral cavity floor
  • Sublingual caruncle- on either side and has drainage to salivary glands
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17
Q

Palate

A
  • Roof of oral cavity proper
  • Flat in most species, vaulted in humans
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18
Q

Differences of hard palate for herbivores and ruminants

A

Herbivores
- Covered by heavily keratinized transverse ridges (rugae) which lays on either side of palatine raphe (middle line on roof of mouth)

Ruminants
- Have dental pad- a tough but yielding cushion in lieu of upper incisive teeth, as counterpart to lower teeth
- Incisive papilla is flanked by incisive canals that usually continue to the nasal cavity which is likely used for flehmens response

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19
Q

Functions of tongue

A
  • Prehension
  • Lapping
  • Grooming
  • Mastication
  • Speech
  • Heat loss
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20
Q

Parts of the tongue

A
  1. Apex
  2. Body
  3. Root
  4. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
21
Q

Apex of tongue

A
  • Freely moving tip
22
Q

Body of tongue

A

Attached to mandibular symphysis and supporting muscles (myohyoideus)

23
Q

Root of tongue

A

Attached to the hyoid bone

24
Q

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue

A
  • Intrinsic muscles are not named, fibers go in different directions, have structural fat mixed with fibers
  • Extrinsic muscles
    o Genioglossus
    o Styloglossus
    o Hyoglossus
25
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • Form symphysis to median plane
  • Some fibers through frenulum to apex (helps with retraction), to the body (helps depress tongue), or to root (to protract tongue)
26
Q

Hyoglossus

A
  • From hyoid to root of tongue to retract and depress
  • More lateral
27
Q

Styloglossus

A
  • Fibers from stylohyoid to body of tongue to retract and elevate
  • Most lateral
28
Q

Supportive muscles of tongue

A
  1. Mylohyoideus- fibers go across inter mandibularly like a hammock to support and raise tongue. A thin layer
  2. Geniohyoideus- from symphysis to basihyoid to bring hyoid and hence base of tongue forward. Cord like
29
Q

Tongue mucosa papillae

A
  • Has mechanical and gustatory functions
  • Types: filiform, conical, fungiform, vallate, foliate
30
Q

Filiform

A
  • Mechanical
  • Most abundant
  • Soft-thread like
  • Covering most of tongue surface in humans, dogs
  • More keratinized in herbivores
31
Q

Conical

A
  • Mechanical
  • Larger and modified filiform
  • Mostly on torus and caudal parts
32
Q

Fungiform

A
  • Gustatory
  • Dispersed among filiform
  • Become larger on each side
33
Q

Vallate

A
  • Gustatory
  • Ox: a few on each side of caudal parts
34
Q

Foliate

A
  • Gustatory
  • Absent in cattle
35
Q

Size and shape of tongue

A
  • Corresponds to the oral cavity
  • Ox: has a torus
  • Horse: spatula-like
36
Q

Tongue papillae in dogs

A
  • Soft, carpeted with fine papillae
  • Tip spatulated
  • Filiform enlarge toward caudal parts
  • Can be pigmented
  • Has a lyssa (J-shaped fibrous rod of ~3cm long embedded ventrosagittal to apex mucosa) that may aid in lapping
  • A fibrous septum extending from lyssa is responsible for the conspicuous median groove on the upper surface
37
Q

Tongue papillae in cat

A
  • Modified filiform are highly keratinized (like rasp)
  • When grooming, hair pushed to back of oral cavity which is why there are more hairballs in cats
38
Q

Tongue papillae in horse

A
  • Has a soft tongue
  • No torus
  • Vallates are lobulated and only one on each side
39
Q

Tongue Papillae in llama

A
  • Tip is soft like in a horse
  • Body carries a torus like in ox
  • Vallate papillae are very large, only a couple on each side
40
Q

Tongue papillae in newborn piglets

A
  • Tongue fringed with modified filiform that are lace-like called marginal papillae
    o Seen up to ~2 weeks
    o May help in fitting tongue around dam’s teat
  • Seen in piglets and some puppies
41
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Mandibular
  • Sublingual
  • Zygomatic
42
Q

Parotid

A
  • Almost entirely serous in most species (mixed in dogs)
  • Triangular and molds around base of ear
43
Q

Parotid Duct

A
  • takes a short cut across the masseter muscle in dog
  • opens in vestibule caudal to 4th upper premolar tooth
44
Q

Mandibular

A
  • mixed but mostly mucous
  • ovoid-shaped in dogs; looks like golf ball
  • has a fibrous capsule around it
  • drains close to the frenulum at sublingual caruncle
45
Q

Sublingual

A
  • present in some species

2 parts
1. Compact gland (monostomatic)- located close to mandibular gland
- Duct travels with mandibular and opens at sublingual caruncle

  1. Diffuse gland (polystomatic)
    - Numerous small ducts which open directly under the tongue
46
Q

Horses sublingual gland

A

Only has the polystomatic gland

47
Q

Zygomatic

A
  • A modified enlarged dorsal buccal gland that is covered by the zygomatic arch
  • Duct opens behind that of parotid (4th premolar or 1st molar)
  • Only termed this in carnivores
48
Q

Salivary glands in ox

A
  • Larger in herbivores
  • Cattle produce 100-200 L of saliva daily (~40L in horses, ~15 L in pigs)
  • Lymph nodes are often associated with salivary glands and are important in meat inspection
  • Also have numerous buccal glands that are rather diffuse and have numerous openings into vestibule

Anatomy #2- Head and Neck (6 decks)

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