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Anatomy #2- Head and Neck > Nasal Cavity and Paranasal sinuses > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity and Paranasal sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the nose (nasus)

A
  • External nose (hardly recognizable in domestic animals; will merge with the muzzle)
  • Paired nasal cavities
  • Paranasal sinuses
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2
Q

Functions of nose

A
  • Olfaction
  • Warming
  • Humidifying and cleaning of air that is breathed in
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3
Q

Different types of nose/nostrils

A
  • Nostrils
  • Nasal plate
  • Nasolabial plate
  • Rostral plate
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4
Q

Nostrils

A
  • Shape is supported by cartilage
  • Usually within specialized skin (except horses)
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5
Q

Horse nostrils

A
  • Within non-modified skin in horses
  • Horses are obligate nose breathers so their nostrils can open very wide
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6
Q

Nasal plate

A
  • Dog, sheep, goat
  • Modified naked skin with a philtrum
  • Moist in dogs. Dry in sheep and goats
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7
Q

Wet nasal plate of dogs

A
  • Moist but no underlying glands
  • They are wet due to the overflow of nasal mucous glands, lateral nasal gland, and licking
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8
Q

Nasolabial plate

A
  • Ox
  • Extensive modified naked skin
  • No philtrum
  • Continues with dorsal lip
  • Usually moist due to underlying sweat glands
  • Pattern of grooves unique to each individual
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9
Q

Rostral plate

A
  • Pig
  • Modified naked skin has underlying sweat glands
  • Round nostril within a movable strong plate
  • Supported by rostral bones (which are attached by some cartilage)
  • Good for truffle hunting
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10
Q

Nasal cartilages

A
  • Nasal septum- separates left and right nasal cavity/vestibules
  • Free edge of nasal septum attached to cartilages that support margins of the nostrils (dorsolateral and lateral cartilages)
  • Shape of cartilages determines the shape of nostril and its opening in different species/individuals
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11
Q

Nasal cartilages in horse

A
  • Alar cartilage- comma shaped (“wing”= ala)
  • When raised, nostrils open up
  • Determines the shape/size of nostrils
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12
Q

True vs. false nostril (Horse)

A

Horse nostril is divided into two parts:

  1. True part= ventral- leads to nasal cavity (brings air)
  2. False part= dorsal- leads to blind-ended sac called nasal diverticulum. Occupies the nasoincisive notch and when nostrils are fully open during exercise, the nasal diverticulum is minimal or gone
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13
Q

Nasal diverticulum

A

A skin-lined, blind-ended sac

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14
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Paired nasal cavities/vestibules are less roomy inside than it appears from outside because the space is partly filled by delicate mucosa-covered, fragile laminate-turbinate bones called the conchae (means “shell”)

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15
Q

Different concha

A
  • Dorsal concha- attached to the nasal bone (project in from dorsal)
  • Ventral concha- attached to maxillary bones
  • Ethmoidal conchae or Ethmoturbinates- attached to ethmoid bone (can also be called middle concha)
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16
Q

Ethmoturbinates in dog

A
  • Conchae are more extensive and branched in carnivores
  • Olfactory mucosa is extensive in this region
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17
Q

Ectoturbinates

A

When ethmoturbinates grow into the sinuses

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18
Q

Endoturbinate

A

When ethmoturbinates remain in the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Yellowish colour/regions in dog mouth

A

Olfactory receptors- modified neurons with dendrites

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20
Q

Nasal meatuses

A
  • Meatuses= cleft
  • Small potential spaces between conchae and surrounding structures
21
Q

Different meatuses

A
  • Dorsal meatus
  • Ventral meatus
  • Middle meatus
  • Common meatus
22
Q

Dorsal meatus

A
  • Between dorsal concha and ceiling
  • Leads to the fundus of nasal cavity and brings air in contact with olfactory mucosa
23
Q

Ventral meatus

A
  • Between ventral concha and floor of nasal cavity
  • Ventral and common meatuses provide the main airway for breathing air
24
Q

Middle meatus

A
  • Between dorsal and ventral conchae
  • Usually give access to the sinuses
25
Q

Common meatus

A
  • Between nasal septum and other conchae
  • Ventral and common meatuses provide the main airway for breathing air
26
Q

Nasal mucosa

A
  • Thickened by vascular plexuses forming cavernous tissue
  • Extended by folds of the conchae (what causes irritation when sick and inflamed)
  • Epithelium has cilia to help move mucus toward pharynx for swallowing
27
Q

Function of nasal mucosa

A
  • Effective olfaction
  • Warming
  • Humidifying and cleaning air
28
Q

Intubation

A
  • Need to be careful not to damage mucosa with nasal tubes
  • Need to guide instruments down the junction of ventral and common meatuses
29
Q

Vomeronasal

A
  • Present in all domestic animals
  • Arises from the incisive duct and runs caudally
  • Involved in the detection of pheromones and results in flehmen reaction
30
Q

Vomeronasal differences in horse

A

Incisive ducts do not enter mouth so vomeronasal only communicates with nasal cavity

31
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • Sinuses are diverticula of nasal cavity that excavate skull bones, largely after birth
  • They take their names from bones invaded, especially those invaded first
  • Retain a narrow (direct or indirect) connection with nasal cavity BUT they do not communicate with contralateral counterpart
32
Q

Possible functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Thermal and mechanical protection of skull
  • Increase skull size for muscular attachment without increasing its weight
  • Resonance of voice
  • Other functions
33
Q

Sinuses in dog

A
  • Limited in dog
  • Frontal sinus can have 3 parts
  • No true maxillary sinus, instead have an ill-defined recess in maxilla that freely communicates with nasal cavity called a maxillary recess
34
Q

Lateral nasal gland in dog

A
  • A large gland that lies in lateral nasal wall, close to entrance of maxillary recess
  • Has serous secretion that is drained at rostral end of dorsal conchae
35
Q

Lateral nasal gland secretion

A
  • Serous
  • May have a social significance in nose-to-nose sniffing when dogs meet
36
Q

Lateral nasal gland in cats

A
  • Gland and duct are not visible macroscopically
  • Secretion is mucous instead of serous
37
Q

Sinuses in ox

A

Frontal sinuses
- Dorsal conchal sinus

Maxillary sinuses

Sphenoid sinuses

38
Q

Frontal sinuses of ox

A
  • In mature ox
  • Can extend caudally as far as occipital, temporal, and more
  • Can also extend into cornual process and caudal part of dorsal concha called dorsal conchal sinus
39
Q

Maxillary sinuses of ox

A

Involves maxilla first then may extend into palatine, lacrimal, and sphenoids, and ventral concha

40
Q

Sphenoid sinuses of ox

A

Often well developed and may be extensions of maxillary sinus or arise independently

41
Q

Sinuses in pig

A

Very extensive sinuses
- Especially in mature boars
- Makes it hard to euthanise them

  1. Frontal sinuses and dorsal conchal sinus
  2. Maxillary sinuses
  3. Sphenopalatine sinuses
42
Q

Sinuses in horse

A
  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinuses
  • Sphenopalatine sinuses
43
Q

Frontal sinus of horse

A
  • Wide extension to dorsal conchal= called conchofrontal sinus
  • No direct opening to nasal cavity
  • Communicates via maxillary sinus
44
Q

Maxillary sinuses of horse

A
  • Rostal and caudal maxillary
  • Extends to caudal part of ventral conchal sinus
  • Nasomaxillary aperture communicates with nasal cavity
  • Safe trephination (drilling into bone) can give access to sinuses and tooth roots
45
Q

Trephination

A
  • Drilling into bone
  • Can give access to sinuses and tooth roots
46
Q

Air flow direction in horse sinuses

A

Drainage issues because the hole is actually situated up higher so a build up can occur

47
Q

Developmental and breed differences in sinuses

A
  • The extent of drainage/sinuses differs between species and age

Ex. brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic

48
Q

Livestock euthanasia

A
  • Not between the eyes
  • Need to be medial and above eyes, more in between ears

Anatomy #2- Head and Neck (6 decks)

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