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Anatomy #2- Head and Neck > Anatomy of the Head > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Head Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton of the head

A
  • Skull
  • Mandible
  • Hyoid apparatus
  • Ossicles of middle ear
  • Cartilages of external ear, nose, and larynx
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2
Q

Skull

A
  • Mostly paired
  • Different bones are outlined by sutures
  • Provide essential landmarks
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3
Q

Sutures

A

Signify merging of ossification centers
- Young animals skull bones can be separated and examined individually

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4
Q

Skull bone components

A
  • Consist of walls of cranium and bones of the face
  • Orbits are considered part of the face (they lay at boundary of the face and cranium)
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5
Q

Cranium

A

Brain case
- Dorsolateral wall: frontal and parietal bones
- Lateroventral wall: palatine and sphenoid bones
- Caudal wall: occipital bone
- Cranial wall: cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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6
Q

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

A
  • Separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity
  • Spongy-shaped
  • unpaired
  • Has perforations where olfactory nerves pass through
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7
Q

Bones of the nasal cavity

A
  • Dorsal wall: nasal bones
  • Lateroventral wall: incisive and maxilla bones
  • Laterocaudal part: lacrimal bones. Lacrimal glands present here and produce tears
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8
Q

Lacrimal

A

Corner of eye

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9
Q

Nasal cavity divisions

A

Left and right cavities divided by nasal septum
- Cartilaginous rostrally; can become ossified with age
- Trough-shaped vomer bone ventrally
- Caudally has perpendicular lamina of ethmoid bone

Filled by conchae (turbinate bones)
- Delicate bony scrolls
- Dorsal concha from nasal bone
- Ventral conchae from maxilla
- Ethmoid concha/tubinate

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10
Q

Purpose of conchae

A
  • Increases SA
  • Allows for moistening air, trapping pathogens
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11
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

Originates from zygomatic bone and squamous part of temporal bone

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12
Q

Parts of temporal bone

A
  1. Squamous (flat)
  2. Petrous (dense bone housing internal ear)
  3. Tympanic parts (housing middle ear)
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13
Q

Temporal and zygomatic processes

A
  • Temporal process of zygomatic bone goes towards the temporal bone
  • Zygomatic process of temporal bone goes towards the zygomatic bone
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14
Q

Mandible

A
  • Lower jaw
  • Two halves meet at symphysis. Each half has a body (horizontal) and ramus (vertical) part
  • Dorsal extremity is the coronoid process
  • Dorsocaudal margin has condylar process articulating with skull
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15
Q

Coronoid process of mandible attachment

A

Attachment for the temporal muscle

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16
Q

Hyoid apparatus

A
  • A series of bony rods joined together
  • Forming a means of suspending the tongue and larynx from the skull
  • Covered by muscles and mucosa
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17
Q

Parts of the hyoid process

A
  • Basihyoid
  • Ceratohyoid
  • Linguinal process (attachment to tongue)
  • Epihyoid
  • Stylohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid (towards larynx)
18
Q

Cranium shape and width

A
  • Ovoid
  • Occupies middle third of head width
19
Q

Dorsal surface of the dog skull

A
  • Caudal extremity starts with external occipital protuberance, then proceeds laterally by nuchal crests
  • Extends rostrally down dorsal center by sagittal crest
  • Zygomatic process of frontal bone points toward the zygomatic arch
  • Nasal bones end at the wide nasal aperture and continue by nasal cartilages
20
Q

Orbital rim

A

Orbital rim is not fully bony, and in life completed by the orbital ligament

21
Q

Bone located behind orbit

A

Walls of the cranium from temporal fossa

22
Q

Lateral surface of the dog skull

A
  • Ventrocaudal to zygomatic arch is retroarticular process (prevents mandibles from being pushed back)
  • Tympanic bulla is a large, smooth dome
  • External acoustic meatus- leads to middle ear
  • Paracondylar process- conspicuous at the caudal limit of skull
23
Q

Pterygopalatine fossa

A

Located ventral to orbit

24
Q

Foramina located in lateral skull surface

A
  • Optic canal
  • Orbital fissure
  • Rostral alar foramen
  • Infraorbital foramen
25
Q

Base of the cranium (ventral)

A

Occipital condyles flank foramen magnum

26
Q

Ventral surface of dog skull bulla and process

A

Tympanic bulla and paracondylar process occupy each side

27
Q

Jugular foramen

A
  • Between the bulla and occipital bone
  • More caudal
28
Q

Foramen lacernum

A
  • Between the bulla and occipital bone
  • More rostral
29
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Between jugular foramen and condyle

30
Q

Oval foramen

A

Rostral to foramen lacernum

31
Q

Choanal region

A

Where nasal cavities open into pharynx and openings (choanae) are the main features

32
Q

Hard palate

A
  • Lies rostral to choanae
  • Margined by tooth sockets and rostrally palatine fissures
33
Q

Dog mandible

A
  • Mandibular symphysis- never completely fuses in dog
  • Laterally ramus has a roughened depression where masseter inserts
  • Medially ramus gives insertion to pterygoid muscles and has mandibular foramen
  • Caudo-ventral margin of ramus has angular process to extend muscle insertion
  • Rostro-lateral surface has several mental foramina
34
Q

Cat skull

A
  • Skull and mandible appear globular
  • Rounded brain case
  • Very convex zygomatic arches
  • Relatively short face
  • Large orbits which face even more rostrally than in dogs
  • Infraorbital canal very short
  • Hard palate short
  • Tympanic bulla very large
35
Q

Horse skull

A
  • Skull has long face and narrow cranium
  • zygomatic arches are very strong and have a strong zygomatic process connecting it with the frontal bone
  • zygomatic arch continues rostrally and forms the facial crest
  • orbit faces almost laterally and has a complete bony rim
  • a deep nasoincisive notch separates nasal and incisive bones
  • mandible is massive, two halves fuse early in life, ramus is high
36
Q

Bovine skull

A
  • skull is short, wide and pyramidal
  • cornual (horn) processes project from frontal bones (contribute to horns)
  • frontal region is mostly frontal bone
  • temporal fossa is very wide and flat, smaller than canines
  • orbital rim rises above surroundings and is completely bony
  • no facial crest, but has facial tuberosity
  • choanae are separated by caudal prolongation of the nasal septum
  • no alveoli for upper incisors
  • mandibular symphysis ossifies late
37
Q

Temporal fossa in dogs

A

much larger to allow for room for muscles for chewing power

38
Q

Head conformations of dogs

A
  • dolichocephalic (long head- whippet)
  • mesaticephalic (intermediate head- lab)
  • brachycephalic (short-head)
39
Q

Head conformations of horses

A
  • straight profile
  • dished profile (arabian horses)
  • Domed contour of foals (will flatten out as facial bones and sinus develop)
40
Q

Head conformations for cats

A
  • Long-headed (oriental)
  • Medium -headed (European)
  • Short-headed (persian)

Anatomy #2- Head and Neck (6 decks)

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