Oral Cavity, Palate, Tongue, Salivary Glands and Duct, Mandible Flashcards
What are the major functions of the oral cavity?
Digestion, communication and breathing
What are the divisions of the oral cavity?
Oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
What is the oral vestibule and where is it?
The oral vestibule is a slit-like space situated anteriorly between the teeth and the gums, and the lips and the cheeks
How does the oral vestibule communicate with the exterior?
It communicates with the exterior through the oral fissure
Where is the oral cavity proper?
This lies posterior to the oral vestibule, between the upper and lower dental arcades
What does the oral cavity proper communicate with posteriorly?
Oropharynx
What are the lips?
Mobile, musculofibrous folds surrounding the mouth
Where do the lips extend from?
They extend from the nasolabial sulci and nares superolaterally to the mentolabial sulcus inferiorly
What are the contents of the lips?
Orbicularis oris, superior and inferior labial muscles, vessels and nerves
What are the superior and inferior labial fenula?
These are fre-edged folds of mucous membrane in the midline, extending from the vestibular gingiva of the mucosa of the upper and lower ribs, respectively.
What is the arterial supply of the lips?
Superior and inferior labial arteries to the upper and lower lip, respectively. These are branches of the facial and infraorbital artery.
What is the innervation of the lips?
Superior and inferior labial branches of infraorbital nerve supplying the upper and lower lip respectively.
What are the boundaries of the buccal region?
Anteriorly by the oral and mental regions
Superiorly by the zygomatic region
Posteriorly by the zygomatic region
Inferiorly by the inferior border of the mandible
Where does the prominence of the cheeks occur?
At the junction of the zygomatic and buccal regions
What are the principle muscles of the cheeks?
Buccinators
What is the blood supply and innervation of the cheeks?
Buccal branches of maxillary a.
Buccal branches of mandibular n.
What is the difference between the gingiva proper and alveolar mucosa?
The gingiva proper is firmly attached to alveolar part of the mandible, alveolar process of maxilla and necks of teeth. It appears pink, stippled and keratinized.
The alveolar mucosa is unattached gingiva, and is normally shiny red and non-keratinizing.
What does the palate separate?
It separates the oral cavities from the nasal cavities and nasopharynx
What are the 2 regions of the palate?
The hard palate anterior, which is bony
The soft palate posteriorly, which is muscular
Which bones make up the hard palate?
Palatine process of maxilla
Horizontal plates of palatine bones
What are the foramina located in the hard palate, where are they located, and what travels through them?
Incisive fossa - midline of bony palate posterior to central incisor - nasopalatine n. and greater palatine a.
Greater palatine foramen - lateral border of bony palate - greater palatine vessels and n.
Lesser palatine foramen - posterior to greater - lesser palatine n. and vessels
What is the anterior part of the soft palate and what strengthens it?
Apnoneurotic part is strengthened by the palatine apnoneurosis, which attaches to the posterior edge of the hard palate
What is the uvula?
This is the conical process from the curved, free margin of the posteroinferior soft palate
What joins the wall of the pharynx laterally to the tongue and pharynx?
Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, respectively. These house the muscles of the same name
What is the space between the oral cavity and pharynx?
Fauces
What is the space between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, and what is found within them?
Tonsillar sinus/fossa, housing the palatine tonsils
Which artery supplies the palate?
Greater palatine artery and lesser palatine artery (anastomoses with ascending palatine artery)
What is the venous drainage of the palate?
Pterygoid venous plexus
What is the sensory innervation of the palate?
Branches of maxillary nerve from the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Greater palatine n. supplies most of hard palate
Nasopalatine supplies anterior part of hard palate
Lesser palatine n. supplies soft palate
What is the motor innervation of the palate?
Pharyngeal plexus of nerves
What fills the floor of the oral cavity?
Muscular diaphragm
Geniohyoid muscles
Tongue
Salivary glands and ducts
What is the muscular diaphragm of the oral cavity composed of and what is its function?
Bilateral mylohyoid muscles
Provides structural support to the floor of the mouth and pulls the larynx upwards during swallowing
What is the origin and insertion of the mylohyoid muscle?
Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible
Insertion: Mylohyoid raphe and body of hyoid
What is the origin and insertion of the geniohyoid muscle?
Origin: Inferior mental spine
Insertion: Body of hyoid
What are the parts of the tongue?
Root, body and apex
What are the 2 surfaces of the tongue?
Superior and posterior surface making up the dorsum
Inferior surface
What are the features of the dorsum of the tongue?
It has a v-shaped sulcus (sulcus terminalis), who’s angle points towards the foramen caecum. It divides the dorsum into an anterior presulcal part (2/3) and posterior postsulcul part (1/3)
It is separated into left and right parts by the median furrow, a midline groove
What are the papilla of the tongue?
vallate (circumvallate)
foliate
filiform
fungiform
Which lingual papilla contain taste buds?
vallate, foliate and fungiform
Where are the lingual papilla located?
Presulcal part of the dorsum of the tongue
Vallate - terminal sulcus
Filiform - along median furrow
Foliate - on lateral aspect of tongue
Fungiform - on dorsum
What is found on the postsulcal tongue?
There are no papillae, but there is nodules of lymphoid mass giving it an irregular appearance. These are the lingual tonsils.
What attaches the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor?
Lingual frenulum
What are the functions of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Intrinsic - change the shape of the tongue
Extrinsic - move the tongue, mastication, swallowing, speech
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
What is the origin and insertion of the genoioglossus?
Origin: Superior mental spine of mandible
Insertion: Entire dorsum of tongue, lingual aponeurosis, body of hyoid bone
What is the origin and insertion of the hyoglossus?
Origin: Body and greater horn of hyoid
Insertion: Inferior aspects of lateral tongue
What is the origin and insertion of the styloglossus?
Origin: Anterolateral aspect of styloid process, stylohyoid ligament
Insertion: Inferior longitudinal and hyoglossus muscles
What is the origin and insertion of the palatoglossus?
Origin: Palatine aponeurosis of soft palate
Insertion: Lateral muscles of tongue, blends with intrinsic muscles
What is the sensory innervation of the tongue?
Anterior 2/3: Lingual nerve
Posterior 2/3: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Root: Vagus
What is the special innervation of the tongue?
Anterior 2/3: Chorda tympani
Posterior 2/3: Glossopharyngeal
Root: Vagus
What is the motor innervation of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve, except palatoglossus which is supplied by vagus
What is the capsule surrounding the parotid gland?
Parotid sheath
Between which two bones is the parotid gland wedged?
Mastoid process and ramus of mandible
What is the base and the apex of the parotid gland related?
Base = zygomatic arch
Apex = posterior to the angle of the mandible
What are the lobes of the parotid gland and what forms them?
As the facial nerve passes horizontally through the gland, it divides it into a superficial and deep lobe. The deep lobe is superior
What structures are located superficially (lateral) to the parotid gland?
Skin and superficial fascia
Greater auricular nerve
Parotid lymph nodes
What structures are located superior to the parotid gland?
External auditory meatus
Temporomandibular joint
Which structures are located anteromedially to the parotid gland?
Stylomandibular ligament
Medial pterygoid muscle
Posterior border of ramus of mandible
Masseter muscle
Terminal branches of facial nerve
Temporomandibular joint
Which structures are located posteromedially to the parotid gland?
Carotid sheath with its contents
Styloid process and attached muscles
Facial nerve
Posterior belly of digastric
Mastoid process
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Where is the parotid bed found?
In the space between the ramus of the mandible and the mastoid process
What structures pass through the parotid gland from deep to superficial?
Auriculotemporal nerve
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein
Facial nerve
Where does Stensen’s duct emerge from?
It emerges from the anterior edge of the gland
What is the course of the parotid duct?
It passes forward over the masseter muscle and at the anterior border it turns medially to pierce the buccinator muscle
Where does the parotid duct open into?
It opens into the vestibule of the mouth on the parotid papilla, opposite the 2nd upper molar teeth
What accompanies Stensen’s duct on its path?
Upper buccal branches of the facial nerve above it
Lower buccal branches of the facial nerve below it
What provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland/duct?
Auriculotemporal nerve
What provides sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland/duct?
Cervical ganglia and external carotid plexus
What provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland/duct?
Glossopharyngeal nerve, via its tympanic branch travel to the otic ganglion
After this they pass with the auriculotemporal nerve to innervate the gland
Where is the submandibular gland located?
It is located in the submandibular triangle
What are the boundaries of the submandibular gland?
Superiorly - inferior body of mandible
Anteriorly - anterior belly of digastric muscle
Posteriorly - posterior belly of digastric muscle
What carries the secretions of the submandibular gland?
Submandibular/Wharton’s duct
Where does the submandibular gland emerge from?
It emerges from the deep part of the gland between the mylohyoid, hypoglossus and genioglossus muscles
Where does Wharton’s duct open into?
It opens into the sublingual papilla on either side of the lingual frenulum
Which nerves are anatomically related to the submandibular gland?
Lingual
Hypoglossal
Facial
What are the anatomical relations of the lingual nerve to the submandibular gland?
It begins at the lateral aspect of the submandibular gland
It then courses anteromedially by looping beneath the duct and then terminating as several branches
What are the anatomical relations of the hypoglossal nerve to the submandibular gland?
It lies deep to the submandibular gland
It runs superficial to the hyppoglossus and deep to the digastric muscle
What are the anatomical relations of the facial nerve to the submandibular gland?
It exits the anteroinferior portion of the parotid gland at the angle of the jaw
It then traverses the margin of the mandible in the plane between the platysma and the investing layer of deep cervical fascia down inferior to the submandibular gland
What provides sympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland?
Superior cervical ganglion, where post-synaptic fibres travel as a plexus on the ICA, ECA, facial a. and branches to enter the gland
What provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland?
Parasympathetic fibres originate from the superior salivatory nucleus as presynaptic fibres, which travel with the chorda tympani branch.
They then synapse at the submandibular ganglion and unify with the lingual nerve
Where are the sublingual glands found?
On the floor of the oral cavity proper, under the tongue
What bounds the sublingual glands laterally and medially?
Laterally - mandible
Medially - genioglossus
What drains the sublingual glands?
8-10 minor sublingual ducts (of Rivinus)
Where do the sublingual ducts open to?
As a U-shape onto the sublingual golds around the lingual frenulum
What is the superior, elevated, elongated crest of mucous membrane of the U-shape of the sublingual glands?
Sublingual fold or plica sublingualis
What are the 2 components of the mandible?
Body and ramus
Where do the body and ramus of the mandible meet?
At the angle of the mandible
What is the mental protruberance?
The midline swelling of the base of the mandible on its anterior surface when viewed laterally
What are the bony landmarks of the ramus of the mandible?
Body, neck and coronoid process
What does the condyle articulate with?
Temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint
Which foramina are located on the manidble?
Mental and mandibular foramina
Where is the mandibular foramen locared?
It is located on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible
Which structures pass through the mandibular foramen?
Inferior alveolar artery and nerve
Where is the mental foramen located?
It is positioned on the external surface of the mandible body, below the second premolar tooth
Which structures exit the mental foramen?
Inferior alveolar artery and nerve
The nerve exits as the mental nerve
The temporomandibular joint consists of articulations between 3 surfaces. What are these surfaces?
The mandibular fossa from the squamous part of the temporal bone
The articular tubercle from the squamous part of the temporal bone
The head of the mandible
What separates the articular surfaces of the TMJ?
An articular disk
What does the articular disk divide the TMJ into?
It divides the joint into 2 synovial cavities, each lined by a synovial membrane
How does the movement differ between the superior and inferior cavities of the TMJ?
Superior = gliding, protrusion and retrusion
Inferior = depression and elevation
What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments that stablises the TMJ?
Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
What is the lateral ligament and where does it run from?
It is a thickening of the joint capsule and runs from the beginning of the articular tubercle to the mandibular neck
What does the lateral ligament prevent?
Posterior dislocation of the joint
Where does the sphenomandibular ligament originate from and attach to?
Originates from the sphenoid spine
Attaches to the mandible
What is the stylomandibular ligament a thickening of?
Fascia of parotid gland
What is the function of the stylomandibular ligament?
Together with the facial muscles, it supports the weight of the jaw
