Oral Cavity, Developmental Anomalies, & Teeth Flashcards
1
Q
What is included in the postmortem exam of the oral cavity and the esophagus?
A
- conduct external exam of lips & muzzle
- split the mandibular symphysis & remove the tongue, hyoid bones, larynx, trachea, & esophagus via ventral midline skin incision
- expose & examine buccal cavities, dental arcades, palate, pharynx, including retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsils, & tongue
- open the entire esophagus & the mucosa & tunica muscularis
2
Q
What is a physiologically normal oral mucosa?
A
smooth, shiny, pink (if not pigmented)
3
Q
What lines the oral cavity?
A
stratified squamous epithelium (mucous mbs)
4
Q
What are developmental anomalies of the oral cavity?
A
- palatoschisis (cleft palate)
- brachygnathia superior (short maxillae)
- brachygnathia inferior (short mandibiles)
- prognathism (long mandible)
- agnathia (absence of mandible)
- epitheliogenesis imperfecta (absence of epithelium of oral cavity &/or skin)
5
Q
What is cheiloschisis?
A
cleft lip or hare lip
6
Q
what is the most common developmental anomaly of the oral cavity?
A
palatochisis
7
Q
what is the etiology of palatoschisis?
A
genetic or toxic
8
Q
what is the pathology of palatoschisis?
A
failure of fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary plates
9
Q
What are important clinical sequelae to palatoschisis?
A
- starvation (inability to suck)
- nasal regurgitation
- aspiration pneumonia
10
Q
What is the etiology of palatoschisis in dogs?
A
- genetic abnormalities (ethical concerns whether to correct surgically such defects w/o also sterilizing the dog)
- associated w/ excessive intake of vitamin A during gestation
- administration of cortisone during gestation
11
Q
A
Palatoschisis (cleft palate)
12
Q
A
brachygnathia superior
13
Q
A
14
Q
A
prognathia
15
Q
A
Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
- we euth these animals, in humans there are attempts to correct
16
Q
A
epitheliogenesis imperfecta
17
Q
what are the different types of dental disease?
A
- dental dysgenesis (odontogenic cysts)
- enamel hypoplasia
- abnormalities of wear
18
Q
What are brachydont teeth?
A
- in carnivores
- do not continue to grow after they are fully erupted
- consist of crown, neck, root, enamel covering crown, cementum covering root
19
Q
What are hypsodont teeth?
A
- in Eq & Ru
- have elongated body covered by enamel & cementum & continue to grow throughout life
- the cementum & enamel invaginate into the dentin, forming the infundibulum
20
Q
What is an anomaly of tooth development?
A
segmental enamel hypoplasia
21
Q
What is the pathology & etiology of segmental enamel hypoplasia in dogs?
A
- postnatal infection w/ canine distemper virus
- damage to ameloblasts (cells that produce enamel) of permanent teeth before eruption will result in segmental enamel hypoplasia
- after the virus is cleared, structure & function of the enamel organ return to normal
- thus, segmental enamel hypoplasia results from the lack of enamel formation during the period of virus infection
22
Q
What is the pathology & etiology of segmental enamel hypoplasia in calves?
A
- hypoplasia of enamel of deciduous teeth sometimes caused by in utero infection with BVD
- after the virus is cleared, structure & function of the enamel organ return to normal
- thus, segmental enamel hypoplasia results from the lack of enamel formation during the period of virus infection
23
Q
Who are abnormalities of wear most common in?
A
herbivores
24
Q
what do abnormalities of wear result from?
A
- congenital or acquired irregularities in dental arcade or interference w/ mastication: protrusion of tooth, unilateral failure to wear
25
What is dental attrition?
dental wear that results in improper mastication & malnutrition ("step-mouth" or "broken mouth")
26
What is malocclusion?
- failure of the upper jaw & lower incisors to oppose properly & it results from abnormal jaw conformation or rarely from abnormal tooth eruption patterns
- this is "normal" in some dogs (brachycephalic breeds)
27
what happens if rodents & rabbits are not provided w/ sufficient roughage in their diets?
teeth (both incisors & cheek teeth) overgrow &"lock" the jaw
28
What may explain emaciation or cachexia?
abnormalities of wear of teeth
29
What is important about wear in hypsodont teeth?
- in Eq & Ru cheek teeth
- continue to grow throughout life
- appropriate leveling of the occlusive surfaces (floating) may be a necessary procedure to prevent malocclusion & sharp edges that can lacerate the adjacent buccal mucosa as the Eq ages
30
What can exposure of dentin or the pulp canal lead to in all spp?
dental infection w/ serious consequences
31
What are caries?
- microbial destruction or necrosis of teeth
- damaged enamel cannot be regenerated or repaired
32
Who gets caries?
- domestic animal spp seldom get caries
- in Eq & Ru: it is the most common consequence of infundibular impaction & infundibular necrosis (usually in cheek teeth)
33
what can caries &/or periodontitis lead to?
tooth abscesses
34
What is dental plaque?
non-calcified accumulation of mainly microorganisms & their products that adheres to the teeth
35
what is dental calculus (tartar)?
calcified plaque deposits formed around the teeth
- may appear as supragingival or sub gingival calculus
36
What does the buildup of dental plaques and tartar predispose to?
caries, gingivitis, paradental stomatitis & periodontal diseases, & tooth loss
37
What happens along w/ gingival recession in brachydont animals?
- tooth root is not covered by enamel
- receding gum line exposes dentin, resulting in pain & invasion by bacteria
38
What is periodontal disease?
- dental plaque & tartar (calculus) predispose to gingivitis & gingival recession w/ ultimate loss of the periodontal ligament & alveolar bone & eventual loosening & loss of the tooth
39
What can the spread of the infection during periodontal disease result in?
causes alveolar osteomyelitis & pulpitis & can result in apical abscesses & bacteremia
40
what are the symptoms of periodontal disease?
- significant oral pain, reluctance to masticate & halitosis
41
Who gets periodontal disease?
- common in carnivores & humans
- affects most domestic mammals
42
how do you prevent periodontal disease?
- mildly abrasive diets & brushing of the teeth of pet carnivores
- combined w/ regular dental exams
43
Dentigerous cyst
44
enamel hypoplasia in young dog
45
enamel hypoplasia in newborn calf
46
Dental attrition ("step-mouth" or "broken mouth")
47
overgrown teeth/malocclusion
48
infundibular impaction leading to caries
49
Dental plaque or tartar
