Oral Cavity and Pharynx

Question 1

what nerve supplies the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 1

the hypoglossal

Question 2

what nerve supplies the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 2

vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal

Question 3

what are the names of the 4 extrinsic tongue muscles

Answer 3

genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglossus

Question 4

what is the sensory supply to the tongue

Answer 4

anterior 2/3 - sensation via trigeminal and taste via facial
posterior 1/3 sensation and taste via glossopharyngeal

Question 5

what ducts does the submandibular gland drain through

Answer 5

Wharton ducts

Question 6

what ducts do the parotid glands drain through

Answer 6

Stenson ducts

Question 7

why do salivary gland stones form

Answer 7

dehydration and reduced salvia flow

Question 8

what can result from salivary gland stone

Answer 8

pain, swelling and infection (due to stasis of salvia)

Question 9

what are the 3 phases of swallowing

Answer 9

oral preparatory
pharyngeal
oesphageal

Question 10

what happens in the oral phase of swallowing

Answer 10

the intrinsic muscles of the tongue push the bolus to the back of the mouth

Question 11

what muscle is involved in the oral phase of swallowing

Answer 11

hypoglossal

Question 12

what happens in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Answer 12

• food is sensed at the back of the oropharynx by the glossopharyngeal nerve
• soft palate elevates to close off nasopharynx
• pharyngeal longitudinal muscles elevate larynx and pharynx
• epiglottis closes off vocal cords
• Upper oesophageal sphincter opens
• bolus moves due to contractions of pharyngeal constrictors

Question 13

what happens in the oesophageal phase of swallowing

Answer 13

contraction of the striated muscle in the upper oesophagus

Question 14

how can damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve cause difficulty swallowing

Answer 14

this senses the bolus at the back of the nasopharynx to cause the gag reflex

Question 15

lesion of which nerve can cause uvula deviation

Answer 15

vagus nerve

Question 16

what does lesions of the hypoglossal nerve cause

Answer 16

tongue wasting and deviation

Question 17

what are neurological causes of dysphagia

Answer 17

stroke, neurological disease and dementia

Question 18

do you have more difficultly with liquids or solids in neurological causes of dysphagia

Answer 18

liquids - as this is harder to coordinate to swallow

Question 19

do you have more difficultly with liquids or solids in obstructive causes of dysphagia

Answer 19

solids - as these can get stuck on the obstructions

Question 20

name the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles

Answer 20

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus

Question 21

what do the 3 pharyngeal longitudinal muscles do

Answer 21

elevate the pharynx and larynx

Question 22

what is the nerve supply to the 3 longitudinal muscles

Answer 22

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

Question 23

what do the 3 circular pharyngeal muscles do

Answer 23

constrict the pharynx to allow movement of the bolus

Question 24

what are the names of the 3 circular pharyngeal muscles

Answer 24

superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 25

what nerve supplies the 3 circular pharyngeal muscles

Answer 25

vagus nerve

Question 26

why can a pharyngeal pouch form

Answer 26

high pressure forces the pharynx between the weakness between 2 parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 27

name the 3 regions of the pharynx

Answer 27

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 28

what is found in the nasopharynx

Answer 28

adenoids

Question 29

what is the nerve supply to the nasopharynx

Answer 29

maxillary

Question 30

what is found in the oropharynx

Answer 30

palatine tonsils

Question 31

what is the nerve supply to the oropharynx

Answer 31

glossopharyngeal

Question 32

what is found in the laryngopharynx

Answer 32

pisiform fossae

Question 33

what is the nerve supply to the laryngopharynx

Answer 33

vagus nerve

Question 34

where does the nasopharynx start and end

Answer 34

starts at the base of the skull and ends at C1/2 spinal level

Question 35

where does the oropharynx start and end

Answer 35

starts at the soft palate and ends at the epiglottis