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Head and Neck > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the first cranial nerve

A

olfactory nerve

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2
Q

describe the route of the olfactory nerve

A

if exits the forebrain and runs through the cribriform foramen to form the olfactory bulbs

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3
Q

what is the function(s) of the olfactory nerve

A

sense smell

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4
Q

how can you test the olfactory nerve

A

using smelling salts on one nostril at a time

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5
Q

what can cause damage to the olfactory nerve

A

head damage or tumour of the frontal lobes

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6
Q

what is the name of the second cranial nerve

A

optic nerve

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7
Q

describe the route of the 2nd cranial nerve

A

exits the forebrain and goes through the orbital canal to the orbit of the eye to supply the retina

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8
Q

what is the function of the 2nd cranial nerve

A

sense sight

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9
Q

what is the optic chiasma

A

where nerve fibres from the optic nerves cross over

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10
Q

what does impingement on the optic chiasma by a pituitary tumour cause

A

bitemporal hemianopia

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11
Q

how do you test the 2nd cranial nerve

A

visual tests
pupil reflexes
looking at optic disc for papillodema

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12
Q

what is papillodema

A

where the optic disc is swollen and blurry

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13
Q

what causes papillodema

A

raised intracranial pressure

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14
Q

what is the 3rd cranial nerve

A

oculomotor nerve

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15
Q

what is the route of the oculomotor nerve

A

arises from the midbrain and goes through the cavernous sinus and through the superior orbital fissure

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16
Q

what is the function of the 3rd cranial nerve

A

supplies most of the muscles controlling eye movements
autonomic fibres control pupil constriction and lens thickness
controls muscle to keep eyelids open

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17
Q

how do you test the 3rd cranial nerve

A

look at eye movements, pupil light reflexes and drooping of eye lids

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18
Q

what is the first sign of compression of the 3rd cranial nerve and why does this occur first

A

the parasympathetic fibres are located on the outside of the nerve, so these would be compressed first causing pupil dilation

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19
Q

what causes compression of the 3rd cranial nerve

A

raised intracranial pressure forcing the uncut past the tentorium cerebelli to push on the nerve

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20
Q

what is the 4th cranial nerve

A

the trochlear nerve

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21
Q

what is the route of the trochlea nerve

A

exits the midbrain and goes through the cavernous sinus and the superior orbital fissure

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22
Q

what is the function of the 4th cranial nerve

A

supplies the muscle which moves the eye up

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23
Q

what is the test for the 4th cranial nerve

A

eye movements

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24
Q

what signs/symptoms may result from damage to the 4th cranial nerve

A

diplopia

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25
Q

what is the 5th cranial nerve

A

trigeminal nerve

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26
Q

what are the 3 main branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

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27
Q

describe the route of the ophthalmic nerve branch

A

comes from the trigeminal at pons and goes through the cavernous sinus and the superior orbital fissure

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28
Q

describe the route of the maxillary nerve branch

A

comes from the trigeminal at pons, goes through the cavernous sinus and the foramen rotundum

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29
Q

describe the route of the mandibular nerve branch

A

comes from the trigeminal at pons, goes through foramen ovale

30
Q

where does the infraorbital nerve branch from

A

the maximally branch of the trigeminal nerve

31
Q

describe the route of the infraorbital nerve

A

goes through the floor of the orbit

32
Q

what is the function of the infraorbital nerve

A

sensation to the lower eyelid and Cheek

33
Q

where does the inferior alveolar nerve branch from

A

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

34
Q

describe the route of the inferior alveolar nerve

A

enters the mandible at foramen mandible. goes through the bone and exits at the chin becoming the mental nerve

35
Q

what is the function of the mental nerve

A

supply sensation to the chin, lip and lower gum

36
Q

what is the functions of the trigeminal nerve

A

supplies muscles of mastication

sensation to the face

37
Q

how can you test the trigeminal nerve

A

test face sensation, muscles of mastication and corneal reflex

38
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia

A

where you get sharp shooting pains in the face

39
Q

through what nerve does shingles and corneal ulcers affect

A

ophthalmic

40
Q

what is the 6th cranial nerve

41
Q

what is the route of the 6th cranial nerve

A

exits pons and goes through the cavernous sinus and the superior orbital fissure

42
Q

what is the function of the 6th cranial nerve

A

allows lateral movement of the eye

43
Q

what is the 7th cranial nerve

A

facial nerve

44
Q

what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

45
Q

describe the route of the facial nerve

A

exits pons and goes through the internal acoustic meatus and the petrous bone. then travels through the salivary gland where it branches

46
Q

what is the function of the 7th cranial nerve

A

supplies muscles of facial expression
supplies taste to 2/3 anterior tongue
autonomic innervation to salivary and lacrimal glands

47
Q

how do you test for the 7th cranial nerve

A

corneal reflex

test muscles of facial expression

48
Q

what is the 8th cranial nerve

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

49
Q

what is the route of the 8th cranial nerve

A

comes from pons and through the internal acoustic meatus

50
Q

what is the function of the 8th cranial nerve

A

hearing and balance

51
Q

what type of tumour may impinge on the 8th cranial nerve and what other nerves may be affected

A

an acoustic neuroma of the Schwann cells

may also impinge on the trigeminal nerve and facial nerve giving facial tingling and motor weakness

52
Q

what is prebyacusis

A

old age related hearing loss

53
Q

what is the 9th cranial nerve

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

54
Q

what is the route of the 9th cranial nerve

A

comes from the medulla and exits through the jugular foramen where it goes into the thorax

55
Q

name 2 major branches of the 10th cranial nerve and what they travel beneath

A

left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

right goes under subclavian artery
left goes under the aortic arch

56
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A 
sensation of soft palate, oropharynx and tonsils
innervates middle ear
sensory to carotid body and sinus 
autonomic innervation of parotid 
taste to lateral 1/3 of tongue 
sensation of tongue
57
Q

what is the test for the 9th cranial nerve

A

gag reflex

58
Q

what is the 10th cranial nerve

A

vagus nerve

59
Q

describe the route of the 10th cranial nerve

A

goes from the medulla through the jugular foramen and into the thorax and gut through the carotid sheath

60
Q

what is the function of the 10th cranial nerve

A

sensation to pharynx and larynx
muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx
parasympathetic innervation to gut and thorax

61
Q

how do you test for the 10th cranial nerve

A

looking at uvula when saying “Ahh”

note speech, gouging and swallowing

62
Q

what symptom is seen with damage to the laryngeal nerves

A

hoarse voice

63
Q

what is the 11th cranial nerve

A

accessory nerve

64
Q

describe the route of the accessory nerve

A

comes from the medulla and travels thoughts jugular foramen

65
Q

which part of the accessory nerve goes through the posterior triangle

A

spinal nerve root

66
Q

what is the function of the 11th cranial nerve

A

motor supply to trapezius and SCM

67
Q

what is the test for the 11th cranial nerve

A

shrugging shoulders against resistance

moving head against resistance

68
Q

how can the 11th cranial nerve be damaged

A

lymph node biopsy
stab wounds
surgery

69
Q

what is the 12th cranial nerve

A

hypoglossal nerve

70
Q

describe the route of the 12th cranial nerve

A

from the medulla and though the hypoglossal foramen

71
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve

A

tongue movement

72
Q

does hypoglossal nerve damage has ipsilateral or contralateral effects

A

ipsilateral

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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