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Biochem Exam 4 > Oral Cancer and its Detection > Flashcards

Oral Cancer and its Detection Flashcards

1
Q

What is oropharyngeal cancer?

A

cancer on back of tongue and throat

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2
Q

What is oral cancer?

A

abnormal cell growth on the cheeks, gums, roof of mouth, tongues, or lips

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3
Q

What are major risk factors of oral cancer?

A

alcohol and tobacco use

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4
Q

What is needed to confirm the diagnosis of oral cancer?

A

biopsy

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5
Q

What are treatments for oral cancer?

A

surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

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6
Q

90% of oral cancer is…

A

oral squamous cell carcinoma

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7
Q

why do we see a higher risk of oral cancer in younger populations?

A

HPV

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8
Q

what are the three symptoms of oral cancer?

A

-ulcers
-red and white patches
-lumps

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9
Q

What is patient survival dependent on?

A

time of detection

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10
Q

What are the categories for the OSCC staging?

A

T- tumor
N-node
M- metastasis

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11
Q

What helps to ensure oral cancer is detected early?

A

oral cancer screenings at each dental visit

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12
Q

what are some oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)

A

-leukoplakia
-erythroplakia
-proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
-oral submucous fibrosis
-dyskeratosis congenita
-many more

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13
Q

What is the gold standard of detecting oral cancer?

A

histopathological diagnosis
-remove fresh tissue samples surgically
-FFPE block and H & E stain
-microscopic evaluation by pathologist

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14
Q

What are limitation of histopathological diagnosis?

A

-subjectivity, big intra- and inter-observer variability
-only morphological and structural changes of tissue
-not accurate for risk assessment of precancerous lesion OPMDs

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15
Q

Do all OPMDs turn into cancer?

A

No

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16
Q

What are some early detection techniques? (common tests)

A

common diagnostic test used in clinical practice: vital staining, oral cytology, and optical imaging

17
Q

What are some early detection techniques? (new methods)

A

new methods under development: DNA methylation biomarker, mRNA biomarker, and protein biomarker

18
Q

What are some early detection techniques? (developing technologies)

A

developing technologies: AI based system and lab-on-chip

19
Q

What does sensitivity refer to?

A

test’s ability to designate an individual with disease as positive
SPIN

20
Q

What does specificity refer to?

A

test’s ability to designate an individual who does not have disease as negative
SNOUT

21
Q

vital staining has ___ sensitivity and ____ specificity

A

high sensitivity
low specificity

22
Q

What are some things used for vital staining?

A

-toluidine blue
-lugol’s iodine
-methylene blue
-rose bengal

23
Q

What are brush biopsies?

A

complete transepithelial sample

24
Q

What are fine needle aspiration biopsies?

A

complete transtumor sample

25
Q

What are exfoliative cytology?

A

only surface cells captured

26
Q

What are examples of optical imaging?

A

-autofluorscence-based
-chemiluminesence based
-multispectral fluorescence and reflective based

27
Q

What is the VELscope System?

A

CE-approved medical device that noninvasively screens for alteration in oral mucosal autofluorescence
-unhealthy cells remain dark in green healthy stained tissue

28
Q

What is a chemilumiescence based system ?

A

system that uses digital pictures to see a difference

29
Q

what is multispectral fluorescence and reflectance-based system?

A

more than one light source used for detection
*multiple spectrums of light

30
Q

What the best ways to detect oral cancer?

A

surgical biopsy and histological assessment

31
Q

best technique that could replace biopsy for diagnosis?

A

oral cytology

32
Q

what are types of biological biomarkers?

A

-protein
-DNA
-RNA
-exosomes

33
Q

what are advantages of using biological biomarkers?

A

-objective and quantitative assessment
-precision of measurement
-reliability

34
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

heritable epigenetic process involving covalent transfer of methyl group to C5 position of the cytosine ring of DNA by DNA methyltransferase

35
Q

What does DNA methylation do?

A

important role in gene expression

36
Q

What causes silencing of tumor suppressor genes?

A

methylation of their promoter regions

37
Q

what are protein biomarkers of oral cancer?

A

CD44
S100A7

Biochem Exam 4 (11 decks)

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