Oral Cancer and its Detection Flashcards
What is oropharyngeal cancer?
cancer on back of tongue and throat
What is oral cancer?
abnormal cell growth on the cheeks, gums, roof of mouth, tongues, or lips
What are major risk factors of oral cancer?
alcohol and tobacco use
What is needed to confirm the diagnosis of oral cancer?
biopsy
What are treatments for oral cancer?
surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy
90% of oral cancer is…
oral squamous cell carcinoma
why do we see a higher risk of oral cancer in younger populations?
HPV
what are the three symptoms of oral cancer?
-ulcers
-red and white patches
-lumps
What is patient survival dependent on?
time of detection
What are the categories for the OSCC staging?
T- tumor
N-node
M- metastasis
What helps to ensure oral cancer is detected early?
oral cancer screenings at each dental visit
what are some oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)
-leukoplakia
-erythroplakia
-proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
-oral submucous fibrosis
-dyskeratosis congenita
-many more
What is the gold standard of detecting oral cancer?
histopathological diagnosis
-remove fresh tissue samples surgically
-FFPE block and H & E stain
-microscopic evaluation by pathologist
What are limitation of histopathological diagnosis?
-subjectivity, big intra- and inter-observer variability
-only morphological and structural changes of tissue
-not accurate for risk assessment of precancerous lesion OPMDs
Do all OPMDs turn into cancer?
No
What are some early detection techniques? (common tests)
common diagnostic test used in clinical practice: vital staining, oral cytology, and optical imaging
What are some early detection techniques? (new methods)
new methods under development: DNA methylation biomarker, mRNA biomarker, and protein biomarker
What are some early detection techniques? (developing technologies)
developing technologies: AI based system and lab-on-chip
What does sensitivity refer to?
test’s ability to designate an individual with disease as positive
SPIN
What does specificity refer to?
test’s ability to designate an individual who does not have disease as negative
SNOUT
vital staining has ___ sensitivity and ____ specificity
high sensitivity
low specificity
What are some things used for vital staining?
-toluidine blue
-lugol’s iodine
-methylene blue
-rose bengal
What are brush biopsies?
complete transepithelial sample
What are fine needle aspiration biopsies?
complete transtumor sample
What are exfoliative cytology?
only surface cells captured
What are examples of optical imaging?
-autofluorscence-based
-chemiluminesence based
-multispectral fluorescence and reflective based
What is the VELscope System?
CE-approved medical device that noninvasively screens for alteration in oral mucosal autofluorescence
-unhealthy cells remain dark in green healthy stained tissue
What is a chemilumiescence based system ?
system that uses digital pictures to see a difference
what is multispectral fluorescence and reflectance-based system?
more than one light source used for detection
*multiple spectrums of light
What the best ways to detect oral cancer?
surgical biopsy and histological assessment
best technique that could replace biopsy for diagnosis?
oral cytology
what are types of biological biomarkers?
-protein
-DNA
-RNA
-exosomes
what are advantages of using biological biomarkers?
-objective and quantitative assessment
-precision of measurement
-reliability
What is DNA methylation?
heritable epigenetic process involving covalent transfer of methyl group to C5 position of the cytosine ring of DNA by DNA methyltransferase
What does DNA methylation do?
important role in gene expression
What causes silencing of tumor suppressor genes?
methylation of their promoter regions
what are protein biomarkers of oral cancer?
CD44
S100A7
