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Biochem Exam 4 > Genetics of Cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppression > Flashcards

Genetics of Cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of genetic diseases?

A
  • chromosome disorders (translocations, deletions, insertions, duplications, anueploidy)
  • single gene disorders (dominant, recessive, codominant)
  • multifactorial or complex (multiple genes, gene-environment)
  • sex linked and mitochondrial
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2
Q

What is an example of chromosomal translocation?

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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3
Q

What is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?

A
  • chromosomal translocation
  • bone marrow produces excessive amounts of abnormal granulocytes (philadelphia chromosome fuses BCR and ABL genes)
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4
Q

A single mutation is enough to cause cancer. True or False

A

False
(somatic even involving other mutations and environmental factors; some cancer predisposing mutations can be inherited as well)

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5
Q

How is natural selection involved in tumor growth?

A

natural selection of a clonal cell (with multiple, successive rounds of genetic change) that produces a tumor or cancer

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6
Q

What are the ways in which tumors can arise?

A
  • increased cell division
  • decreased apoptosis
  • genetic changes
  • epigenetic changes
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7
Q

What type of cancer arises from epithelial cells?

A

carcinomas

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8
Q

What type of cancer arise from connective tissue or muscle cells?

A

Sarcomas

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9
Q

What type of cancer arises from white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoitic cells)?

A

Leukemias

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10
Q

What type of cancer arises from lympathic tissue?

A

lymphomas

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11
Q

What type of cancer arises from glial cells of the CNS?

A

Gliomas

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12
Q

What are benign tumors that are epithelial with glandular organization?

A

adenomas

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13
Q

What are benign tumors that arise from cartilage?

A

chondromas

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14
Q

What are many cancers maintained by?

A

a population of cancer stem cells

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15
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause lung, kidney, and bladder cancer?

A

tobacco related

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16
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause stomach and esophageal cancer?

A

diet low in veggies, high in salt, and high. nitrate

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17
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause bowel, pancreas, prostate, and breast cancer?

A

diet high in fat, low in fiber, fried and broiled foods

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18
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause mouth and throat cancer?

A

tobacco and alcohol

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19
Q

How to cancer stem cells respond to radiation and/or chemotherapy?

A

may survive since cancer stem cells divide slowly and these therapies target fast dividing cells

20
Q

What do tumors secrete to promote formation of new blood vessels?

A

angiogenic signals

21
Q

What do new blood vessels provide a tumor?

A

provide a means by which metastasis can colonize different sites

22
Q

What are the properties that contribute to cancer growth?

A

cancer cells are…
- self sufficinet
- insenstive to anti-proliferative signals
- less prone to undergo apoptosis
- induce angiogenesis
- defective in control mechanisms that halt division
- survive and proliferate in foreign sites
- induce help from normal cells nearby
- genetically unstable
- produce telomerase

23
Q

What are the three classifications of cancer genes?

A
  • genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation
  • genes that activate proliferation
  • genes that participate in DNA repair
24
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

mutated forms of certain normal genes of the cell (proto-oncogenes)

25
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

genes that normally control what kind of cell it is and how often it grows and divides

(not oncogenes yet but could be if mutated)

26
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or make cells die

27
Q

What is the main difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressors?

A

oncogenes result from activation of proto-oncogenes

tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactivated

28
Q

what are important examples of tumor suppressor genes?

A

p53
p16
RB1
APC
BRCA1
BRCA2

29
Q

What is the Knudson’s hypothesis about retinoblastoma?

A

2 hit hypothesis
inherit one mutant copy and somatic mutation to the other copy causes Rb mutation

30
Q

what genes are active in a non-proliferating cell?

A

p16 and Rb

31
Q

what genes are active in a proliferating cell?

A

p16 and Rb are INACTIVE

32
Q

The Rb mutation also displays __________ __________, only about 90% of individuals who inherit the mutant allele experience a second hit and develop
a tumor.

A

reduced penetrance

33
Q

What protein is produced when cells are stressed and is important in cell cycle arrest?

A

p16

34
Q

What do mutations in p16 proteins do?

A

can contribute to cancer

35
Q

what activates p53?

A

-hyperproliferative signals
-DNA damage
-telomere shortening
-hypoxia

36
Q

what does activated p53 do?

A

-cell cycle arrest
-senescence
-apoptosis

37
Q

What are some other considerations with breast cancer?

A
  • Type (noninvasive, invasive)
  • Hormone Receptor Status
  • Ki-67 proliferation index
  • Her2/Neu status
38
Q

what are the major breast cancer genes?

A

-BRCA1
-BRCA2

39
Q

What signaling pathway is utilized (negatively) in colon cancer?

A

Wnt/B-catenin pathway when APC is inactive
APC is mutated and inactivated

40
Q

What percent of humans cancers world-wide are thought to arise from mechanisms that involve viruses, bacteria, or parasites?

A

15%

41
Q

How does HIV virus cause cancer?

A
  • reverse transcriptase copies the RNA genome
  • enters the nucleus and integrates into the host cell genome
  • reverse transcirptase has a high error rate and results in high frequency of mutations in the DNA copies
42
Q

How does influenza virus cause cancer (i think)?

A
  • negative sense RNA is transcribed into positive sense
  • acts as a template for protein synthesis and is incorporated into new viral particles
  • RNA mutates fast
43
Q

RNA tumor viruses are associated with…

A

oncogenes

44
Q

DNA tumor viruses are associated with…

A

tumor suppressor genes

45
Q

What protein acts as a safety brake on cell proliferation?

A

p53 and Rb

Biochem Exam 4 (11 decks)

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