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Biochem Exam 4 > Genetics of Cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppression > Flashcards

Genetics of Cancer: oncogenes and tumor suppression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of genetic diseases?

A
  • chromosome disorders (translocations, deletions, insertions, duplications, anueploidy)
  • single gene disorders (dominant, recessive, codominant)
  • multifactorial or complex (multiple genes, gene-environment)
  • sex linked and mitochondrial
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2
Q

What is an example of chromosomal translocation?

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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3
Q

What is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?

A
  • chromosomal translocation
  • bone marrow produces excessive amounts of abnormal granulocytes (philadelphia chromosome fuses BCR and ABL genes)
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4
Q

A single mutation is enough to cause cancer. True or False

A

False
(somatic even involving other mutations and environmental factors; some cancer predisposing mutations can be inherited as well)

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5
Q

How is natural selection involved in tumor growth?

A

natural selection of a clonal cell (with multiple, successive rounds of genetic change) that produces a tumor or cancer

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6
Q

What are the ways in which tumors can arise?

A
  • increased cell division
  • decreased apoptosis
  • genetic changes
  • epigenetic changes
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7
Q

What type of cancer arises from epithelial cells?

A

carcinomas

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8
Q

What type of cancer arise from connective tissue or muscle cells?

A

Sarcomas

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9
Q

What type of cancer arises from white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoitic cells)?

A

Leukemias

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10
Q

What type of cancer arises from lympathic tissue?

A

lymphomas

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11
Q

What type of cancer arises from glial cells of the CNS?

A

Gliomas

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12
Q

What are benign tumors that are epithelial with glandular organization?

A

adenomas

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13
Q

What are benign tumors that arise from cartilage?

A

chondromas

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14
Q

What are many cancers maintained by?

A

a population of cancer stem cells

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15
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause lung, kidney, and bladder cancer?

A

tobacco related

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16
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause stomach and esophageal cancer?

A

diet low in veggies, high in salt, and high. nitrate

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17
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause bowel, pancreas, prostate, and breast cancer?

A

diet high in fat, low in fiber, fried and broiled foods

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18
Q

what environmental/lifestyle factors cause mouth and throat cancer?

A

tobacco and alcohol

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19
Q

How to cancer stem cells respond to radiation and/or chemotherapy?

A

may survive since cancer stem cells divide slowly and these therapies target fast dividing cells

20
Q

What do tumors secrete to promote formation of new blood vessels?

A

angiogenic signals

21
Q

What do new blood vessels provide a tumor?

A

provide a means by which metastasis can colonize different sites

22
Q

What are the properties that contribute to cancer growth?

A

cancer cells are…
- self sufficinet
- insenstive to anti-proliferative signals
- less prone to undergo apoptosis
- induce angiogenesis
- defective in control mechanisms that halt division
- survive and proliferate in foreign sites
- induce help from normal cells nearby
- genetically unstable
- produce telomerase

23
Q

What are the three classifications of cancer genes?

A
  • genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation
  • genes that activate proliferation
  • genes that participate in DNA repair
24
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

mutated forms of certain normal genes of the cell (proto-oncogenes)

25
What is a proto-oncogene?
genes that normally control what kind of cell it is and how often it grows and divides (not oncogenes yet but could be if mutated)
26
What are tumor suppressor genes?
normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or make cells die
27
What is the main difference between oncogenes and tumor suppressors?
oncogenes result from activation of proto-oncogenes tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are inactivated
28
what are important examples of tumor suppressor genes?
p53 p16 RB1 APC BRCA1 BRCA2
29
What is the Knudson's hypothesis about retinoblastoma?
2 hit hypothesis inherit one mutant copy and somatic mutation to the other copy causes Rb mutation
30
what genes are active in a non-proliferating cell?
p16 and Rb
31
what genes are active in a proliferating cell?
p16 and Rb are INACTIVE
32
The Rb mutation also displays __________ __________, only about 90% of individuals who inherit the mutant allele experience a second hit and develop a tumor.
reduced penetrance
33
What protein is produced when cells are stressed and is important in cell cycle arrest?
p16
34
What do mutations in p16 proteins do?
can contribute to cancer
35
what activates p53?
-hyperproliferative signals -DNA damage -telomere shortening -hypoxia
36
what does activated p53 do?
-cell cycle arrest -senescence -apoptosis
37
What are some other considerations with breast cancer?
- Type (noninvasive, invasive) - Hormone Receptor Status - Ki-67 proliferation index - Her2/Neu status
38
what are the major breast cancer genes?
-BRCA1 -BRCA2
39
What signaling pathway is utilized (negatively) in colon cancer?
Wnt/B-catenin pathway when APC is inactive APC is mutated and inactivated
40
What percent of humans cancers world-wide are thought to arise from mechanisms that involve viruses, bacteria, or parasites?
15%
41
How does HIV virus cause cancer?
- reverse transcriptase copies the RNA genome - enters the nucleus and integrates into the host cell genome - reverse transcirptase has a high error rate and results in high frequency of mutations in the DNA copies
42
How does influenza virus cause cancer (i think)?
- negative sense RNA is transcribed into positive sense - acts as a template for protein synthesis and is incorporated into new viral particles - RNA mutates fast
43
RNA tumor viruses are associated with...
oncogenes
44
DNA tumor viruses are associated with...
tumor suppressor genes
45
What protein acts as a safety brake on cell proliferation?
p53 and Rb

Biochem Exam 4 (11 decks)

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