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Biochem Exam 4 > Cell Cycle Control and Cell Division II > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Control and Cell Division II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four checkpoint controls?

A
  • Late G1 or Start Checkpoint
  • G2-M Checkpoint
  • Metaphase to anaphase transition
  • (G0)
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2
Q

What is the function of cell cycle checkpoint controls?

A

designed to block progression through each of the checkpoints if problems are sensed

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3
Q

What are the steps of the initation phase of DNA replication?

A

– Late mitosis-early G1: prereplication complex assembles at the origins of replication
– Onset of S phase when prereplication complex nucleates the formation of the preinitiation complex

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4
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

specific sites or origins of replication

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5
Q

What recruits RNA polymerase?

A

preinitiation complex

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6
Q

What nucleates the preinitation complex?

A

phosphorylation of ORC (origin recognition complex)

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7
Q

What CDK triggers S phase?

A

S-Cdk

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8
Q

What happens at the G2/M checkpoint?

A

completion of DNA replication

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9
Q

What happens during S phase when S-Cdk activation occurs?

A

formation of preinitiation complex, initiation, elongation

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10
Q

What happens during M phase when M-Cdk activation occurs?

A

chromosome segregation

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11
Q

What happens during G1 phase when APC/C activation occurs?

A

assembly of new prereplicative complexes at origins

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12
Q

What does the G2-M checkpoint ensure?

A

that all DNA has been properly replicated

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13
Q

What does M-Cdk induce?

A
  • assembly of the mitotic spindle
  • chromosome condensation
  • promotes breakdown of nuclear envelope
  • rearrangments of actin cytoskeleton and golgi
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14
Q

What is prophase?

A

the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosomes which have replicated and moved apart

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15
Q

What is prometaphase?

A

starts with the abrupt breakdown of the nuclear envelope; chromosomes can attach to spoindle via kinetochores and undergo active movement

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16
Q

What is metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes are aligned at the equoator of the spindle midway between the spindle poles
  • kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatides to opposite poles of the spindle
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17
Q

What is anaphase?

A

sister chromatids synchronously separate to form two daughter chromosomes and each is pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces

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18
Q

What is telophase?

A
  • two sets of daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle and decondense
  • a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set, completing the formation of two nuclei and marking the end of mitosis
19
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

the cytoplasm is divided in two by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments, which pinches the cell in two to create two daughters, each with one nucleus

20
Q

What are the symptoms of roberts syndrome?

A
  • prenatal growth retardation
  • craniofacial abnormalities (microcephaly and cleft lip/palate and limb malformations)
21
Q

What mutation is involved in roberts syndrome?

A

homozygous mutation of ESCO2

22
Q

What other syndrome is roberts syndrome related to?

A

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

23
Q

What do ESCO2 mutations do in roberts syndrome?

A
  • decreased rDNA transcription and subsequent ribosomal biogenesis and the observed defects in nucleolar morphology (decreased protein synthesis)
24
Q

What should ESCO2 do in a typical person?

A

encode an acetyltransferase (important for formation of cohesion complex that binds to chromosomes and creates sister chromatid adhesion)

25
Q

What inhibitory kinase regulates M-Cdk activity by phosphorylating?

A

Wee1

26
Q

What phosphate activates the M-Cdk by removing a phosphate?

A

Cdc25

27
Q

What does the metaphase to anaphase transition involve?

A

proteolysis via ubiquitylation and degradiation of securin

28
Q

What three signal types control cell division?

A

mitogens (stimulate cell division via stimulating G1/S-Cdk activity)
growth factors (stimulate cell growth)
survival factors (supress apoptosis)

29
Q

What type of signal type has kinase cascades?

A

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)

30
Q

What is one major pathway of mitogens?

A

GTPase Ras (leads to activation of MAP kinase)

31
Q

What is an immediate early gene?

A

genes that are turned on very early or almost immediately after a mitogen binds to its receptor

32
Q

What is an example of an immediate early gene?

A

Myc (promotes cell cycle entry by increasing G1 cyclins also called D cyclins)

33
Q

What are one of the key funcgtions of G1-Cdk?

A

activate E2F proteins (gene regulatory factors)

34
Q

What do epidermal growth factors signal through?

A

PI3 kinase/Akt signaling

35
Q

What type of signaling is used by the growth factor TGFB?

A

SMADs

36
Q

DURING WHAT PHASE OF MITOSIS ARE THE CHROMOSOMES ALIGNED?

A

Metaphase

37
Q

A complex trait involves all of the following EXCEPT?

single gene dominant inheritance
multiple genes
environmental factors
gene-environment interactions

A

single gene dominant inheritance

38
Q

Which of the following occurs during ANAPHASE?

nuclear envelope breaks down
chromatids separate
chromosomes align at equator
sister chromatids condense

A

chromatids separate

39
Q

What happens when S-Cdk activation occurs?

A

formation of preintiation complex and initiation

40
Q

What happens when M-Cdk activation occurs?

A

chromosome segregation

41
Q

What happens when APC/C activation and Cdk inactivation occurs?

A

assembly of new prereplicative complexes

42
Q

Regulation of M-Cdk is…

A

positive feedback

43
Q

What does activated separase allow?

A

transition from metaphase to anaphase

44
Q

When is separase inactive?

A

when securin is bound

Biochem Exam 4 (11 decks)

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