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Biochem Exam 4 > Anti-cancer Therapies: Radiation and Drugs > Flashcards

Anti-cancer Therapies: Radiation and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key properties of cancer cells?

A

-reproduce without regard to the normal restraints on cell growth and cell division
-invade and colonize areas normally reserved for other cells

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2
Q

What are tumors/neoplasms?

A

abnormal cells that grow (increase in mass) and proliferate (divide)

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3
Q

When are tumors considered benign?

A

when they do not become invasive

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4
Q

When are tumors considered cancerous?

A

if it acquires the ability to invade surrounding tissue at which point is has become malignant

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5
Q

What are metastases?

A

cells that break from the primary site and form secondary tumors

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6
Q

Is a single mutation enough to cause cancer?

A

no

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7
Q

What are potential risk factors for cancer?

A

-radiation exposure
-UV light from the sun
-Chemicals
-life style (smoking, certain diets)
-viruses (EBV, HIV, and HPV)

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8
Q

Does cancer increase with age?

A

yes, at an exponential rate

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9
Q

Exposure to what causes an increase prevalence of bladder cancer?

A

2-napthylamine

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10
Q

What causes an increase is lung cancer mortality?

A

smoking

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11
Q

What happens to a cell if the control mechanisms detect DNA damage?

A

it will either try to correct the damage, arrest the cell, or go through apoptosis

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12
Q

What is a key protein that helps to recognize damage to the DNA?

A

p53

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13
Q

What is the guardian of the genome?

A

p53

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14
Q

What is the point of using drugs or radiation for cancer treatment?

A

to damage the DNA of the cancer cells and prevent them from continuing to divide

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15
Q

What is the issue seen with drugs and radiation for cancer treatment?

A

damaging noncancerous cells

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16
Q

What is external beam therapy?

A

uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area

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17
Q

What is internal radiation therapy?

A

radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy

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18
Q

What is photon therapy?

A

use X-rays or Gamma rays
-direct ionization of atoms in the DNA chain or indirect ionization of water to form hydroxyl radicals that can then damage DNA

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19
Q

What is charged particle or proton therapy?

A

use a particle accelerator to beam high energy particles
-has a better ability to precisely localize the radiation dosage and less damage to surrounding, healthy tissue

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20
Q

which therapy is more targeted?
-photon
-proton

A

proton therapy is more targeted and will cause less damage to healthy surrounding tissue

21
Q

What is Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)?

A

it intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis

22
Q

examples of anti-cancer drugs

A

-doxorubicin hydrochloride
-bleomycin sulfate
-cisplatin
-methotrexate
-vinblastine

23
Q

What is Bleomycin sulfate?

A

mixture of the sulfate salts of basic glycopeptide antineoplastic antibiotics
-reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals
-cause single and double stranded breaks in DNA

24
Q

What is cisplatin?

A

highly reactive, charge, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA
-induce instrastand and interstand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links

25
Q

What is methotrexate?

A

inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses
-potent immunosuppressant activity

26
Q

What is vinblastine?

A

binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation
-disrupt mitotic spindle assembly

27
Q

What does immunotherapy do?

A

induce, enhance, or suppress the immune response
-stimulate a person’s own immune response to destroy cancer cells

28
Q

What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

leukemia characterized by increased production/growth of granulocytes in the bone marrow that then circulate in the blood

29
Q

What caused CML?

A

chromosomal translocation called Philadelphia chromosome

30
Q

What genes are fused in CML?

A

BCR and ABL genes

31
Q

What fusion protein is associated with CML?

A

tyrosine kinase

32
Q

What is the parent drug used to treat CML?

A

Gleevec

33
Q

What Gleevec do?

A

bind to the Bcr-Abl binding site and prevent the formation of leukemia by preventing phosphorylation

34
Q

What are the three treatment phases of leukemia?

A
  1. induction
  2. consolidation
  3. maintenance
35
Q

What is the induction phase of leukemia?

A

first phase of treatment
-goal is to kill leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow
-puts leukemia into remission
-remission induction phase

36
Q

What is the consolidation phase of leukemia?

A

second phase of treatment
-begins once leukemia is in remission
-goal is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse

37
Q

What is the maintenance phase of leukemia?

A

third phase of treatment
-kill any remaining leukemia cells that may regrow in lower doses
-continuation therapy phase

38
Q

What are other names for acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

39
Q

What is the most common type of leukemia?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

40
Q

What happens in acute lymphoblastic leukemia? (ALL)

A

bone marrow produces too many immature lymphocytes (at the expense of other blood cell types)

41
Q

What are risk factors of ALL?

A

-being exposure to X-ray before birth
-being exposed to radiation
-past treatment with chemotherapy
-having certain changes in genes
-having certain genetic conditions (down syndrome, ataxis telangiectasia, bloom syndrome)

42
Q

What are the possible signs/symptoms of ALL?

A

fever, foul smelling urine, easy bruising or bleeding, petechiae, bone or joint pain, painless lumps in neck, etc

43
Q

How do you diagnose ALL?

A

blood CBC, bone marrow analysis, cytogenic analysis

44
Q

What determines prognosis or ALL?

A

-age, gender, and race
-number of WBC at diagnosis
-whether its from B or T lymphocytes
-whether there are chromosomal changes
-whether the child has down syndrome
-whether the leukemia has spread to the brain, spinal cord, or testicle

45
Q

who are included in the standard (low) risk group for ALL?

A

children aged 1 to younger than 10 years who have a WBC count of less than 50,000/uL at diagnosis

46
Q

who are included in the high risk group for ALL?

A

children younger than 1 or 10 years or older who have a WBC count of more than 50,000/uL at diagnosis

47
Q

what are the common drugs used to treat ALL during induction?

A

-systemic chemotherapy
-intracranial chemotherapy

48
Q

what environment has organisms that provide 25% of the active ingredients for treating cancer?

A

THE RAINFOREST

Biochem Exam 4 (11 decks)

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