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Biochem Exam 4 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Which concept of embryonic development is best associated with morphogens and morphogen gradients?

a. inductive signaling
b. substitution of proteins across species
c. universal mechanisms
d. regional determination

A

a. inductive signaling

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2
Q

what does the genome allow?

A

complete development of an organism

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3
Q

What is the transcriptome?

A

all of the RNA that is present

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4
Q

What is the proteome?

A

all of the proteins that are present

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5
Q

What factors modulate gene expression and cell function?

A

growth factors, hormones, force/tension, nutrients, oxygen levels, and many other

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6
Q

What are some of the evolutionarily conserved pathways?

A

-receptor tyrosine kinase
-TGFb superfamily
-Wnt
-Hedgehog
-Notch

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7
Q

What does it mean if something is evolutionarily conserved?

A

the function is the same or similar in many or all organisms

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8
Q

How does the Wnt pathway work? (i don’t think he would ask this)

A

Wnt ligand binds to Frizzled and LRP5/6
-causes other things to bind
-allows for phosphorylation event
-promote high affinity binding of cytosolic proteins
-inhibit the degradation of B-catenin
-B-catenin will move into the nucleus and turn on gene expression

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9
Q

What are the four main cellular processes employed during embryogenesis?

A

-cell proliferation
-cell specialization
-cell interaction
-cell movement

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10
Q

What is a fifth cellular processes that helps to fine tune development?

A

programmed cell death

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11
Q

What are homeobox codes?

A

-helix-turn-helix transcription factors that integrate into the major groove of the DNA and work with other proteins to turn on gene expression

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12
Q

What is homeotic transformation?

A

replacement of one body part with another

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13
Q

What is unique about HOX gene location?

A

they are located linearly on a single chromosome (i think in humans they are many locations)

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14
Q

What do HOX genes do for body development?

A

determine regional identity to the body plan

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15
Q

Where are there no HOX genes in vertebrates?

A

in the face
-other than in the ear
-helps to form the bones

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16
Q

How does the face develop without HOX genes?

A

it has its own set of specific homeobox related code

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17
Q

What is a morphogen?

A

signalling factor that directs cell fate (tissue development) at a distance from their source

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18
Q

Cell near the signaling factor get…

A

high levels of the signal

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19
Q

Cells farther from the cell signaling factor get…

A

low levels of the signal

20
Q

Characteristics of inductive signaling:

A

-time and duration dependent
-different cell fates
-tissue patterning
-signaling gradient

21
Q

What are the axes of the face?

A

-left-right
-dorsal-ventral
-anterior-posterior

22
Q

What two things are considered for clinical treatment?

A

-form and symmetry

23
Q

When is the dorsal-ventral axis formed?

A

apparent by the blastocyte stage

24
Q

When does the first major cell development change during embryonic development?

A

from the 32 cell stage (morula) to the 64 cell stage (blastocyte)

25
Q

What causes the change from the morula to the blastocyte?

A

many different factors
-external pressure
-oxygen levels
-other things

26
Q

What type of cell in development will give rise to every cell in the body?

A

inner cell mass

27
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

the middle layer of the developing embryo
-will become the mesenchyme

28
Q

When do the Left-right and anterior-posterior axes become apparent?

A

when the mesoderm is formed
-the formation of the primitive streak

29
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

epiblastic cells that converge at the midline and ingress (marks posterior end)

30
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm

31
Q

What is it called when cells of epiblast layer move through the primitive streak to form mesoderm?

A

epithelial to mesenchyme transformation (EMT)

32
Q

What is the node?

A

it is a signaling center that induces and specifies the fate of the mesoderm as it is formed
-stimulate cells as they pass through

33
Q

What does the node create?

A

asymmetry in a previously symmetrical embryo
-allows asymmetrical organogenesis

34
Q

What do nodal cells have?

A

one motile cilium

35
Q

What is cilium?

A

membrane covered extension from the cell that has a microtubule cytoskeleton core which helps define the properties of the cilium

36
Q

What kind of movement do nodal cilia have?

A

rotational beat (for a few hours only)
-generate leftward flow, resulting in asymmetrical distribution of morphogens/growth factors

37
Q

How many genes in mice affect L-R asymmetry?

A

around 27

38
Q

What causes situs inversus?

A

affected cilia function that does not allow the organs to migrate properly during development

39
Q

What cells drive the rapid outgrowth of facial tissue and proliferation and ventral migrations of cells form the crest?

A

cranial neural crest cells

40
Q

What causes the formation of neural crest cells?

A

EMT

41
Q

What do the cranial neural crest cells give rise to?

A

many things
-they are basically like another stem cell layer
-parts of mandible and muscles of mouth

42
Q

Where is there a distinct population of cranial neural crest cells?

A

in the hindbrain
-define the routes of migration into early facial tissue

43
Q

What causes Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

defects in RNA polymerase I and TCOF1 (ribosomal biogenesis factor)
-impact on CNCC survival

44
Q

What helps to create the boundary of expression in face?

A

ectoderm

45
Q

What type of process is embryogenesis?

A

generative
-not descriptive

46
Q

What helps to develop the plasticity of cells?

A

communication from both distant and nearby cells

Biochem Exam 4 (11 decks)

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