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year 1 > oral biology > Flashcards

oral biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a basophile?

A

bacteria that can tolerate high ammonia levels

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2
Q

what is the name given to bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations/osmotic pressure?

A

halophile

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3
Q

what is a psychrophilic bacterium?

A

one that can tolerate low temperatures

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4
Q

list the uses of microorganisms

A
  • normal micro flora of man
  • food and drink eg cheese, beer
  • agriculture
  • medicine eg insulin
  • industrial eg pharmaceutical and biotechnology
  • energy production
  • solvent production
  • environmental cycles
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5
Q

what is present in prokaryotic cell walls but not eukaryotic cell walls?

A

muramic acid

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6
Q

what are commensals?

A

microorganisms that benefit from host organisms but dont provide any benefit or harm to host
but become pathogenic when there are more than normal

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7
Q

what are capnophilic bacteria?

A

CO2 loving

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8
Q

on a bacterial cell, what are the roles of the following structures

a) pilus
b) fimbriae

A

a) pilus - genetic material passes through during reproduction
b) fimbriae are used for attachment

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9
Q

what is the process for identifying bacteria?

A

1) gram stains to reveal microscopic morphology
2) growth requirements ( eg aerobe/anaerobe)
3) spore forming/ shape
4) biochemical tests (eg salt tolerance)

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10
Q

what is metamerism?

A

optical property

colour appears different in different lights

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11
Q

which one is NOT an optical property of dental materials?

a) metamerism
b) translucency
c) fluorescence
d) diffusivity
e) refractive index

A

d) diffusivity is a thermal property

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12
Q

establishment of microorganisms at particular sites depend on several factors, what are they?

A

1) exposure of the site to potential colonising organisms
2) availability of suitable receptor sites
3) ability of organisms to adhere to target receptor sites
4) ability for organisms to compete for nutrients
5) ability to evade or withstand host defence mechanism

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13
Q

what is the difference between resident and transient microflora?

A

resident: commensals regularly present
transient: colonise body for short period of time, without causing disease (can be pathogenic)

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14
Q

what is meant by virulence?

A

the measure of degree of pathogenicity

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15
Q

what can the absence of microflora cause?

A
  • poor development of gut
  • poor nutrient absorption in gut
  • vitamin deficiencies
  • reduced host immune defences = increased susceptibility of colonisation by pathogens
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16
Q

how do existing colonisation of the host by microorganisms cause resistance to pathogenic colonisation?

A
  • competition for receptor sites
  • competition for nutrients
  • creation of unfavourable conditions ( vagina =acidic)
  • production of inhibitory substances ( bacteria on skin produce antibiotics that inhibit other bacteria)
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17
Q

what disrupts the normal flora?

A
  • suppression my antimicrobial agents = overgrowth of resistant microorganisms
  • changes in health ( immunosuppression)
  • hormonal changes
  • local trauma
  • diet
  • reduction in saliva
  • dental disease + treatment
  • oral hygiene
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18
Q

which WBC is not granular?

a) neutrophil
b) eosinophil
c) lymphocyte
d) basophil

A

c) lymphocyte

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19
Q

which WBC produce T cells?

A

lymphocytes

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20
Q

which WBC produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells

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21
Q

what is the role of eosinophils?

A

involved in allergic responses (asthma)

end parasitic infections

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22
Q

what is the role of basophils?

A

release histamine and involved in inflammation mediation

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23
Q

what is the role of a dendritic cell?

A

antigen presenting

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24
Q

what is the role of NK cells (natural killer)

A

destroy infected host cells

  • detect the lack of self marker (major histocompatibility complex [MHC])
  • release lysozyme
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25
Q

what is lymphocytosis?

A

disease in which there is an increase in number of B cells (lymphocytes)

caused by TB, typhoid, glandular fever (spread by saliva)

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26
Q

what is lymphopenia ?

A

decrease in number of lymphocytes - B, T cells

caused by AIDs = destruction of T-helper cells

causes severe aplastic anaemia

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27
Q

what is neutrophilia?

A

increased number of neutrophils

28
Q

what is neutropenia?

A

decreased number of neutrophils

seen with HIV, aplastic anaemia, spleen destruction

29
Q

what is leukemia?

A

too many WBC due to stem cell malfunction

over production of immature WBC
= not enough mature WBC
= decreased production of RBC = anaemia
= decreased production of platelets = bleeding

30
Q

what is multiple myeloma?

A

production of abnormal plasma cells

31
Q

describe the shape of the nucleus of:

a) monocytes
b) neutrophils
c) lymphocytes
d) basophils

A

a) monocytes - kidney shaped
b) neutrophils - multilobular
c) lymphocytes - spherical
d) basophils - bilobed

32
Q

list the functions of the oral mucosa

A
  • mechanical protection against compressive/shearing forces
  • barrier against pathogens
  • immunological defences
  • minor salivary glands for lubrication
  • sensory functions , touch,taste,pain
33
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the oral mucosa?

a) stratified columnar
b) stratified cuboidal
c) simple cuboidal
d) stratified squamous
e) simple squamous

A

d) stratified squamous

34
Q

what layer does non keratinised mucosa lack? (two asnwers)

a) stratum corneum
b) stratum granulosum
c) stratum spinosum
d) stratum basale

A

a) stratum corneum
b) stratum granulosum

instead you have
superficial cells and stratum intermedium

35
Q

what are the two layers of the basement membrane?

A
  • lamina lucida

- lamina densa

36
Q

which type of junctions hold together the epithelial cells and basement membrane?

A

hemidesmosomes

37
Q

which gingival fibres extend from the tooth and into the gingiva ?

a) dentogingival
b) dentoperiosteal
c) circular
d) transseptal
e) alveologingival

A

a) dentogingival

38
Q

which gingival fibres run between adjacent teeth?

a) dentogingival
b) dentoperiosteal
c) circular
d) transseptal
e) alveologingiva

A

d) transseptal

39
Q

which gingival fibres run around the teeth?

a) dentogingival
b) dentoperiosteal
c) circular
d) transseptal
e) alveologingiva

A

c) circular

40
Q

which gingival fibres extend from the tooth cementum to the periosteum?

a) dentogingival
b) dentoperiosteal
c) circular
d) transseptal
e) alveologingiva

A

b) dentoperiosteal

41
Q

where is enamel derived from?

a) endoderm
b) mesoderm
c) ectoderm

A

c) ectoderm

42
Q

what do the tubules of dentine contain?

A
  • odondoblast processes
  • dentinal fluid
  • afferent nerve endings
  • antigen presenting cells
43
Q

what creates the primary curve in dentinal tubules? and secondary curves?

A

primary: crowding of odontoblasts as the squeeze into a narrower space of the pulp chamber
secondary: subtle changes in dentine deposition

44
Q

why do dentine tubules have lateral branches?

A

communication between odontoblast processes

45
Q

what is the difference between mantle and circumpulpal dentine?

A

mantle: first formed dentine of crown
circumpulpal: forms the bulk and uniform in structure

46
Q

which ones are associated with daily alterations in formation of dentine ?

a) von Ebners lines
b) striae of Retzius
c) perikymata

A

a) von Ebners lines

47
Q

what is a dead tract (in dentine)?

A

empty dentine tubules as a result of retraction of odontoblast processes or death of odontoblasts

48
Q

what is sclerotic dentinogenesis ?

A

the filling up of dentine tubules to prevent bacteria reaching pulp

dentine appears more translucent due to increased mineralisation

49
Q

what is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary dentinogenesis?

A

primary: formation of dentine before eruption
secondary: formation of dentine after eruption (reduces pulp chamber)
tertiary: produced in response to external stimulus eg caries - protective role (irregular arrangement)

50
Q

which tooth has the longest root?

A

upper canines

51
Q

which tooth has 5 cusps?

A

lower 6

52
Q

which tooth does not have a single root?

a) maxillary central incisors
b) mandibular 1st premolar
c) mandibular 2nd premolar
d) maxillary 1st premolar
e) maxillary second premolar

A

d) maxillary 1st premolar

53
Q

which teeth have 3 roots?

A

maxillary 7 and 8

54
Q

which teeth usually have two roots?

A

maxillary 1st premolar (4)

mandibular 7 and 8 (molars)

55
Q

what is the dental lamina?

A

a fold in the developing oral epithelium that gives rise to tooth germs

56
Q

what is the dental papilla

A

mesenchyme-derived part of tooth germ

57
Q

what is the enamel organ?

A

developmental derivative of dental lamina

58
Q

which one is false regarding cementum?

a) cementum is avascular
b) cementum has no nervous supply
c) between root tooth and periodontal ligament
d) thins with age
e) less readily resorbed than alveolar bone

A

d) thins with age - it actually thickens with age

59
Q

why does dentine sensitivity occur even though there’s a cementum layer on top?

A

the cementum layer is softer than dentine and so is readily removed by abrasion following gingival recession

60
Q

which fibres are found in acellular extrinsic cementum?

A

sharpay’s fibres from periodontal ligament

61
Q

what is the difference in incremental lines between acellular and cellular cementum

A

acellular: thin + regular
cellular: thick + irregular

62
Q

what is hypercementosis?

A

large amount of cementum laid down = difficulty in extraction

63
Q

what attaches the cementum and alveolar bone?

A

periodontal ligament

64
Q

what make up the fibres of the periodontal ligament?

A
  • collagen (type I mainly - some type III)
  • oxytalan fibres
  • elastin fibres (in blood vessels)
65
Q

what type of fibres exist in the periodontal ligament?

A
  • alveolar crest
  • horizontal fibres
  • oblique fibres
  • apical fibres
  • inter-radicular fibres
66
Q

which cells form the osteoblasts/clasts cells?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

67
Q

what is the lamina dura?

A

thin layer of cortical bone lining the tooth socket (contains sharpays fibres from PDL)

year 1 (8 decks)

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