OR TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS Flashcards
the power in the Or usually has
isolated power systems due to the overloads and possible fires
Electrosurgical unit
-also called the bovie
-is used to cut, coagulate, dissect, ablate, and shrink tissue by applying alternating electrical current through tissue
what are the two modes of the electrosurgical generator?
monopolar ESU
bipolar ESU
What is monopolar ESU and what are its components?
commonly used to coagulate tissue but can be used for cutting
three components
-generator
-active electrode
- grounding pad
what is bipolar ESU and what components
-is only used to coagulate tissue
-the active and return electrodes of the bipolar mode are two-pronged
RF capacitive coupling
happens when an alternating current flows from the active electrode of the ESU, through the intact insulation, and into the surgeon’s skin
dielectric breakdown
happens when high voltage damages an insulating material, such as surgical gloves and causes a burn
harmonic scalpel
-ultrasonic energy
-utilizes mechanical vibrations to cut and coagulate tissue at the point of impact.
-can vibrate at the rate of 55,500 times per sec
cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator
used in neurosurgery and other surgeries involving tumors.
what is laser acronym
light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
explain lasers
laser light is monochromatic, its photons have the same color or wavelength, and depending on the their
-absorption (produces heat)
-transmission
-reflection
-scattering
what are the different active medias used for liquids
-gas
-liquid
-solid
-semiconductor crystals
Carbon Dioxide laser
-most common in surgeries
- can remove thin layers of tissue from the skin surface without affecting the deeper layers
-removal of skin cancer and some precancerous
ND and HO: YAG lasers
-two lasers that utilize yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) solid crystals combined with neodymium or holmium elements
-used in ophthalmological and urological procedures
krypton laser
-is a gas laser
-the laser beam is absorbed less by hemoglobin so it wont destroy tissue in ophthalmological procedures/
excimer lasers
-active medium used from gases and halogens
- can cut and coagulate tissue with out a noticeable spread of thermal damage
argon laser
-treatment of diabetic retinopathy
-vaporizagion of bladder tumors through a cystoscope
-treatment of angiodysplasias within the intestines thin wall
MIS- methods of access
two entry routes
-natural body orifices
-transcutaneous access using insufflation needs and trocars
endoscopes
An instrument that allows practitioners to look within the body of a patient
fiberoptic lighting
necessary to deliver extremely bright, intense light to the operative field, can not be left unattended because may start a fire.
first-generation robots
simple mechanical devices that precisely perform repetitive motions at high speeds. has no AI and needs supervision
second-generation robots
they may have tactile or pressure sensors and features that do not require constant supervision.
third-generation robots
are autonomous, work independently and do not require human supervision
fourth-generation robots
surpass the other robot generations, these robots are still in development, they are projected to have intelligence that exceeds the collective computing power of humans
glutaraldehyde
-known as Cidex, most efficient high-level disinfectant
-used for the instruments
-alkyate cell protein
-does not damage metals, and plastics and rubber
Sodium Hypochlorite
-known as bleach, an effective disinfectant
-used for surfaces and equipment
-destroys metabolism of cells
-will damage metal, plastic, and rubber
phenol (carbolic acid)
-used for general cleaning
-alters the molecular structure of enzymes and leads to cell lysis
quaternary ammonium compounds
-can be used as a pseudomonacidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal disinfectant
-leads to leakage of a microbes protoplasm
alcohol (ethyl and isopropyl)
-used to disinfect non-critical items and surfaces
-alters the molecular structure of protein, and causes cell lysis and metabolic disruption
What are the two ways to sterilize instruments?
-immediate-use steam sterilization method
-liquid chemical process method
what are the characteristics of steam?
-Temperature
-pressure
-moisture
-air
thermal- steam or dry heat
-most metal surgical instruments
- powered instruments
-micro instruments
gas- ethylene oxide, gas plasma
-delicate instuments
-fiberoptic instruments
-plastic, rubber, porous instruments
chemical- cidex, peracetic acid(steris)
-lensed instruments
-fiberoptic instuments
-heat-sensitive
what are the four main methods of monitoring the sterilization process?
-mechanical (records)
-chemical( indicators)
- biological (BI)
-administrative (recorded by operator)
gas sterilization
-used to sterilize materials that cannot be sterilized using steam sterilization
-ethylene oxide(EtO) has been used as the major chemical to sterilize these materials
-very expensive and takes up to 16 hours to complete
hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP)
-known as sterradTM
-uses gas at a low temperature to sterilize materials that are sensitive to heat or moisture
-much safer then the EtO method
what are the two primary liquid chemical sterilization compounds used?
- Peracetic acid
- Glutaraldehyde
what are other types of sterilization methods
-ionizing radiation
-ozone gas sterilzation
-vaporized hydrogen peroxide (not fda approved)
what should you do when there is sudden cardiac arrest
CPR
what is malignant hyperthermia?
it is a life threatening, severe reaction to an anesthetic agent, such as (halothane ,enflurane, or isoflurane)
what are some of the symptoms of malignant hyperthermia
-rapid heart rate
-severe muscle rigidity or spasms
-shallow breathing and problems with low oxygen
-sweating
what is the treatment of malignant hyperthermia?
it with dantrolene medication (dantrium, ryanodex, revonto, ice packs to cool the body down
what is disseminated intravascular coagulation?
it is a pathological process and a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive that leas to blood coagulation within the body
what is anaphylaxis?
a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to a substance or protein the patient is allergic to
what are the 3 federal emergency agencies that help with emergency response
-FEMA
-NRF
-NDMS
