Optogenetics answers Flashcards
3 advantages of optogenetics
1) high cell specificity
2) high temporal regulation
3) does not require existing neuronal funtion
high cell specificity
since the opsin genes can be inserted into specific neurons or regions, optogenetics allows the precise targeting of cells or cell types without innervating neighbouring neurons, the high cell specificity of optogenetics allows the study of neuronal mapping in neuroscience
high temporal regulation
light deliverance to target cells enables precise millisecond-scale control of neuronal activity with millisecond precision. high temporal regulation allows neuroscientists to study rapid processes such as behaviour and addictions
does not require existing neuronal function
optogenetics does not require existing neuronal function as opsins inserted into degraded cells can independently trigger hyperpolarization or depolarization of existing membranes. no requirement for existing neuronal function is useful in neuroscience to study degenerative disorders such as PD
3 limitations of optogenetics
1) low frequency range
2) Invasiveness
3) use of gene therapy
low frequency range
typically below 100 Hz falls short in comparison to the natural neuronal signal range which reaches up to 400-500 Hz. Neuronal pathway studies can be limited in neuroscience since optogenetic cannot mimmic all neuronal signal ranges
invasiveness
optogenetics interventions require procedures to cranially inject opsins into neurons and surgical implantation of optical fibres into the brain for light delivery to targeted neurons, which is potentially life-threatening. Limits widespread use due to associated health risks to subject
Use of gene therapy
transfer the opsin gene to the target cell in a viral vector limits the use of optogenetics as gene therapy is not approved for human use. Neuroscientific studies are limited to animal models due to optogenetic technique utilizing gene therapy
