Lecture 2 Flashcards
the most useful information is
evidence-based, grounded in empirical evidence, verifiable (claims can be confirmed by others, from trustworthy sources
Hypotheses are
reconsidered and based on new data, revised and modified, refined through repeat testing until consistently supported by evidence
the scientific method helps us prioritize ideas that are
logical and verifiable
research findings are usually
peer-reviewed and published in reputable journals, helping make the results trustworthy
research studies provide results, so are
evidence-based
The scientific attitide
scientific information is distinctive because of its emphasis on evidence and scientists’ willingness to change theories
Primary sources
Original research studies, authored by those who collected and analyzed the data, evidence-based, evidence presented or cited
Secondary sources
sources that report or discuss work that was presented elsewhere, consists of assessment, interpretation, discussion of primary sources
Primary sources include
methods and a results sections
CRAAP test
evaluate credibility of sources of information
C
currency (timeliness)
R
relevance - is the source related to your topic
A
Authority - who is the author, what credentials/organizations
A
Accuracy - is the information reviewed, supported by evidence?
P
Purpose- inform, teach, sell, entertain???
Intended audience
professional audience or general public
professional audience
field specific aimed at expert researchers or professionals, focus or quality and credibility, usually difficult to read
General public
accessible to a broad audience, focus on storytelling, purposes and motives vary
Sections in a research article
Abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgements, literature cited
Introduction
what are the research questions and hypothesis
Materials and methods
How was the study preformed
Results
what were the findings
discussion
what do the results mean? how do they relate to what was already known
conclusion
main implications of the work, usually stated in the discussion
Abstract
summarizes introduction, materials and methods, results , discussion
Publication in peer-reviewed journals
-write a manuscript that describes a scientific discovery, submit it to a scientific journal, it is peer-reviewed blindly, the decision of the editor, if the manuscript is accepted, publishing fees are paid
2 broad categories of journals
- subscription journals (pay-wall)
- open access journa, always freely available, some have higher publishing fees
Impact factors
Based on the number of times a journal’s articles are cited, popular, influential, but controversial
conference presentations or proceedings
experts and students present the latest findings as talks or posters
student theses
long format description of new research, reviewed by committee of professors
reports from government or industry
variable format, may be difficult to access, data often not mad accessible to external reviewers
Non-professional science publications
usually secondary sources, textbooks and websites, magazines can help people understand the most basic point
Locating useful sources
start with secondary sources to get a solid foundation, references
verifiable findings
empirical evidence, data that can be observed, measure and tested, conclusions that are consistent with the evidence and results that can be reproduced
