Options - F&H

Question 1

Outline one strategy used to limit the spread of a water-borne disease.

Answer 1

Only use safe (boiled/bottled) water, to ensure that disease is nottransmitted by drinking potentially infected water.

Question 2

Explain how using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase food productioncan lead to:
(i)one environmental disadvantage.

Answer 2

Potential loss of biodiversity/ depletion of wildlife due to the extensive use of herbicides to cultivate GMOs for example, the use of glyphosate/RoundUp as an herbicide could cause the decline of the monarch butterfly.

Question 3

Explain how using genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase food productioncan lead to: one social disadvantage

Answer 3

Population health issues GMOs may increase resistance toanti-biotics, due to the manipulation of genes in a laboratory environment.

Question 4

Outline one reason why maternal mortality rates are high in low-incomecountries.

Answer 4

Lack of access to medical care for pregnant women means complications go untreated.

Question 5

Explain one human factor affecting the diffusion (spread) ofone named vector-borne disease.

Answer 5

A person infected with Malaria travels to another region and is bitten by a mosquito that subsequently bites another person and therefore infects that person.

Question 6

Explain one physical factor affecting the diffusion (spread) ofone named vector-borne disease.

Answer 6

Climate change has led to certain areas being warmer/wetter than previously which has allowed the vector to move to / breed in areas previously not suitable.

Question 7

Outline one way in which energy input changes as a result of mechanization.

Answer 7

Mechanization requires increased fossil fuel usage as machinery requires diesel.

Question 8

Explain how food insecurity could be reduced by the use of:
(i) in vitro meat.

Answer 8

Synthetic/lab-grown meat is produced in a shorter time period than traditional meat so more meat is produced and more food is therefore available.

Question 9

Explain how food insecurity could be reduced by the use of: vertical farming.

Answer 9

Growing crops in buildings/greenhouses one above the other therefore using less land making food more accessible to urban populations.

Question 10

Outline one possible reason why most of the USA states showed increased levels of obesity in 2016.

Answer 10

Increased consumption of fast foods, meaning more saturatedfats are consumed.

Question 11

Explain two consequences of the disease burden on society resulting from anageing population.

Answer 11

Expenses to the taxpayer / family as there are more old people with dementia who need special care. Cost of medication
*Higher demand for hospital specialists / training in elderly care
*Surgery costs (e.g. hip and knee operations for Arthritis)

Question 12

Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of HALE as a health indicator .

Answer 12

HALE measures quality of health over a life time. Easy comparison across genders can be made. This allows a governments to identify the wider health issues within a population and prioritize resources this allows governments to where potential gender based discrimination exists Disadvantage - e.g. There is a huge range of data -Governments do not always have the human resources to collect the data. . This can lead to delays, inaccuracies or gaps in data sets within countries.

Question 13

Define HALE

Answer 13

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy is a measure of population health that takes into account mortality and morbidity. It adjusts overall life expectancy by the amount of time lived in poor health. This is calculated by subtracting from the life expectancy, the number of years lived with disability multiplied by a weighting to represent the severity of that disability.

Question 14

Describe the characteristics of one other health indicator

Answer 14

Child Mortality Rate- CMR measures the number of child deaths under age 5 for every 1000 in the population. It shows the probability child deaths.

Question 15

Explain two ways hunger is measured to compare places.

Answer 15

Daily calories intake & the global hunger index. Daily calorie intake allows for comparison between regions and countries on the quantity of food in daily calorific energy. The global hunger index is a multi component index based on different problems of child nutrition, includes under 5 child malnutrition, stunting and wasting as well as child mortality. Easy comparison can then be made both within and between countries.

Question 16

Explain how two human factors influence variations in food consumption.

Answer 16

Gender & poverty. Women are often discriminated against due to issue of patriarchy in countries as a consequence they have lower access to food compared to male counterparts. Poverty causes differences in the ability to access food. Low income households are more price vulnerable than wealthier households and so have lower access to more nutritious food.

Question 17

Explain how geographic factors influence the rate and diffusion of disease.

Answer 17

Climate & poverty. Climatic factors such a tropical humidity allow for some diseases such a malaria to spread more easily by creating the environmental condition for the mosquito vector. Poverty increases vulnerability due to poor access to safe shelter and sanitation. These conditions expose people to more disease in dirty water which can then easily transfer and spread through a population.

Question 18

Suggest reasons why women’s weight varies so much between2 countries you have studied.

Answer 18

Inequality, Diets , Gender roles -Greater Inequality within a country might mean that women in low income groups in India struggle to access food. In South Africa food may be more affordable to all socio-economic groups. Diets will vary between the countries, for example India diets are often vegetarian, whilst In South Africa diets may be high carbohydrates within a country like India women may be more socially marginalized and lack proper access to nutritious food.

Question 19

Outline one reason why female health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
remains below 50 years in some countries.

Answer 19

Complications in child birth… “Debilitating diseases/conditions eg hookworm affect many women
in some sub-Saharan countries. As a result, women lose many years of
healthy life resulting in a low HALE score.”

Question 20

Explain two disadvantages and one advantage of using HALE as an indicator of the health of the populations of the countries shown on the map.

Answer 20

Disadvantages
 it is an average so doesn’t show regional/racial/urban-rural contrast.
governments might not record data or not record it accurately so data is
unreliable/unavailable.
Advantages - HALE includes an adjustment for time spent in ill health due to disease and/or
injury. This is an advantage compared with the crude measure of life
expectancy when studying development/disparities/comparing places
 can be used to help countries plan for health provision which is especially
advantageous for developing countries whose governments have limited
public spending.

Question 21

Outline one way in which rising affluence in Asia may affect food consumption in other
regions shown in the diagram.

Answer 21

Demand for food imports in Asia will increase hugely as affluence rises, which could result in food shortages in other regions.

Question 22

Suggest three possible reasons why the health of populations in Asia might
deteriorate as a result of the rising affluence shown in the diagram.

Answer 22

Rising affluence in Asia may lead to a greater incidence of obesity
because more people can afford to consume unhealthy, high-calorie fast food.
Other changes for Asia have included:
* diseases of affluence, eg increased type 2 diabetes linked with sugar;
increased heart disease linked with diet; incidence of cancer if more people
can afford cigarettes
* greater proportion of people living in urban areas with poor air quality as the country modernises; resulting in asthma/respiratory illness

Question 23

Suggest two reasons, other than population growth, why the number of people suffering
from diseases of affluence is projected to increase globally.

Answer 23

The spread of popularity of fast food outlets [1], meaning more
saturated fats are consumed, resulting in increased risk of heart disease.
Other reasons include:
* More sedentary lifestyle / lack of exercise leads to increased risk of heart
disease.
* Greater use of computers/laptops/smartphones.
* Longevity.
* Lifestyle choices.

Question 24

Explain one global and one local action that could be undertaken to manage a pandemic
such as diabetes.

Answer 24

(global): The 2009 influenza pandemic led to new vaccinations being created, which were then distributed around the world by the WHO.
(local): Campaigns / raising awareness for example, introducing a sugar tax on soft drinks in order to reduce the incidence of diabetes.

Question 25

Outline one of the main components of the food security index.

Answer 25

Affordability measures the ability of people to purchase food.
The three other components are:
* access to food
* nutritional quality/diet
* safety.

Question 26

Explain two human factors that may have led to high food insecurity in countries such as
those shown.

Answer 26

High incidence of disease (HIV/AIDS, malaria, etc) means fewer people available to work the land sufficiently, leading to a lack of food for their families.
Other possible factors include:
* poor farming techniques
* political instability
* cost of seeds/ fertilizers / foodstuffs
* corruption
* poor transport links
* poor storage
* population increases
* lack of aid due to militia etc

Question 27

What factors can lead to food insecurity?

Answer 27

1. Gender - Polygamy in SS Africa - 2nd or 3rd wife not prioritized in regards to food. Access to financial services only available to men in many areas & have little control over land or ownership of land. 2. Dumping by HICs… 3. Sudan famine - conflict.. 4. Enviornmental pressure - more unrleiable rains in Shale region of N.Nigeria, cyclon Alia in Bangladesh - salt intrusion and rice crops harvest lost. 5. Education - more likely to get a job and afford food & more likely to unstand importance of nutrition.

Question 28

Disadvantages of relying on aid.

Answer 28

USA – biggest provider. Focuses on food aid to reduce hunger & improve food security & sustainability.
Criticised as supports US farmers & Shippers, also low quality & nutrition.
Outdated & inflexible – take 3-5 months. Can undermine local farmers ‘food dumping’.
Is starting to change – looking more at nutritional value & cash transfers.
Country becomes dependent…

Question 29

Important economic factors in the incidence of water borne diseases.

Answer 29

Poverty increases vulnerability due to poor access to safe shelter and sanitation. These conditions expose people to more disease in dirty water which can then easily transfer and spread through a population.
Why Haiti?
Poor sanitation in Haiti created conditions ripe for transmission. In 2010, 83% of Haitians had no access to adequate latrines and the majority of the poor extracted water direct from rivers and shallow ground wells. This was exacerbated by broken infrastructure following the earthquake.