Core - Population

Question 1

Explain one reason why the median age of a population could decrease.

Answer 1

The arrival of youthful economic migrants means proportionately
more younger people, reducing the median age OR Increase in death rate due to conflict decreases the proportion of independent
population.

Question 2

Explain one environmental consequence of one named forced migration.

Answer 2

Northern Cameroon hosts Nigerian refugees who have escaped
violence (Boko Haram) this has caused rapid deforestation as refugees need firewood for
cooking OR Lebanon -Syrian refugees escaping war the waste
from informal settlements is often dumped in an uncontrolled manner [this
leads to soil and water pollution.

Question 3

Explain one policy designed to prevent human trafficking.

Answer 3

Cambodia passed legislation in 2008 that criminalizes all forms of
trafficking for men, women and children. Fines and prison sentences are
applied to those convicted.

Question 4

Explain one business policy designed to prevent human traffiking.

Answer 4

Marriott International, A Million Eyes - Stop Human Trafficking in its Tracks 2017, Marriott made a mandatory human trafficking awareness training program for in-house staff across 6,700 properties worldwide. To date has trained 500,000 hotel workers to spot the signs of human trafficking in its hotels and how to respond if they do. This initiative was a watershed moment in the hotel sector and has now been replicated by other major hotel.

Question 5

Explain one NGO policy designed to prevent human trafficking,

Answer 5

UN’s Blue Heart campaign – raises awareness & need to fight. To raise awareness encourages people to wear Blue Heart to show solidarity with victims – symbol of sadness/ cold hearted traffickers. Raises money and tries to get other groups involved.

Question 6

Explain one way in which people trafficking can be reduced.

Answer 6

Increased border controls (checking of paperwork) / training of border control staffeg in South Africa the documents of people travelling with children are checked OR Advertising – raising awareness in vulnerable groups, reduction in demand by
restricting advertising on social media e.g. DR - UN Posters & helpline in toilets or educating vulnerable groups - role playing e.g. Vietnam about being trafficked over the border to China

Question 7

Suggest how two groups of people have been affected by one pro-natalist or
anti-natalist policy you have studied.

Answer 7

Young girls in China were abandoned in nurseries due to the
preference for having boys as a result of the One Child Policy, which has led to
them having no legal status and a lack of opportunities for education, healthcare or & Men struggling to find a partner in China - One Child Policy & female infanticide - family name, hard labour. Pro natalist - France & Sweden - parents now have increased parental leave & women have jobs protected in France..

Question 8

Outline what is meant by “fertility rate”.

Answer 8

The number of children/number of births per 1000 women a woman gives birth to during
her lifetime/fertile years/reproductive age/below 50 .

Question 9

Suggest two reasons why fertility rates decline when the status of women
is improved.

Answer 9

Employment – delayed marriage and delayed childbirth.
Access to family planning services.
Education for women – delays marriage/childbirth.

Question 10

Explain why some places have an uneven sex ratio as a result of migration.

Answer 10

Migration of males to find work gives higher proportion of males in working in
destination countries
( Qatar - oil / world cup)/gives lower proportion of males in origin countries.
Inability of male labourers to bring families with them gives higher proportion of
males. ( Qatar/ Middle Eastern countries).

Question 11

Explain why some places have an uneven sex ratio as a result of an ageing society.

Answer 11

Biological difference in chromosomes and hormones, females are advantaged [less
fat surrounding organs] and live longer.
Females more willing to consult medical advice, live longer. Males occupy dangerous jobs that lead to a higher mortality leaving a smaller
proportion of males in older age groups.

Question 12

Outline what is meant by the rate of natural increase.

Answer 12

Birth rate – death rate/difference between birth rate and death rate,
usually expressed as a % or per 1000 population OR does not take into account migration

Question 13

Explain one political cause and one political consequence of forced migration.

Answer 13

Limited civic freedom & forced military service in Eritrea has to many trying to flee the borders. At one point was the fastest depleting country in the world. Consequence - harsh border controls and family members arrested or fined if found that a family member has deserted.

Question 14

Explain two policies that are used to promote gender equality.

Answer 14

1. France/Sweden - empowering mothers with prolonged paid maternity leave ( Sweden 13 months each ), financial rewards,
   free childcare, paternity leave. 2. UK - legislation – such as sex discrimination acts which make it unlawful to discriminate on the basis of sex. 3. Sweden - quotas for females in government so they have an influence on gender equality
   laws/legislation

Question 15

Explain two physical reasons why some areas have a low population density.

Answer 15

Mountainous areas frequently have low population densities as the terrain isrugged and steep and agriculture is difficult to practice (and accessibility is poor). Extreme climate – where the climate is too cold (eg Antarctica) or too hot (eg SaharaDesert) – leads to problems of agricultural production/human survival.
Vegetation – areas of dense vegetation (eg the Amazon Rainforest) – often have difficultaccessibility.
Water supply – where the water supply is low/unpredictable – difficulty withagriculture.

Question 16

Explain one cultural reason and one economic reason why fertility rates are decreasing.

Answer 16

Cultural = female empowerment/gender equality – females have careers/females have greater rolein decisions that impact their lives & access to reproductive health services – contraception decreases the number of pregnancies
Economic = employment opportunities – the prospect of a career, women may have less children andmarry later
*the cost of having children – time spent in education and the cost of childcare makes itmore expensive to have a large number of children.

Question 17

Outline one physical factor that can lead to an area having a high population density.

Answer 17

Proximity to river; this will ensure a consistent water supply.
*availability of flat land; means land is easier to build on.

Question 18

Suggest two ways in which a demographic dividend can bring economic benefitsto a country.

Answer 18

“bulge” in the adult population leads to a high number of economically active peoplepaying taxes , benefitting the overall economy / GDP of the country.
*More economically active adults than elderly dependents means that lessgovernmental tax income will go towards e.g. pensions/care homes.
*A lower number of young dependents than economically active people will incur lesscost for education.
*More people in the economically

Question 19

Explain two ways in which environmental push factors lead to forced migration.

Answer 19

Sundarbans - rising sea levels - loss of land - homes/farming - move to Dhaka. Northern Nigeria more frequent droughts diffficult to make a living through farming & crops fail - forced to migrate to Europe or to Lagos.

Question 20

Explain two ways of managing the economic problems associated with anageing society.

Answer 20

Raising pension age so individuals are paid pensions for a shorter period of time. Encouraging immigration to increase workforce/maintain tax revenues.
Increasing taxation to pay for pensions.
Increased use of technology e.g. in care homes e.g. Japan - toys- with dementia patients.

Question 21

Explain how two physical factors can lead to uneven population distribution in oneplace you have studied.

Answer 21

Tibetan Plateau & Mongolian / Taklimatan deserts in China verses SE with fertile soil, mild climate and rainfall & natural harbours/ports for trade OR Ethiopia - high altitude - higher rainfall, milder climate and avoid mosquitoes & malaria. Low altitude desert.

Question 22

Suggest two economic reasons why this country might need a pro-natalist policy.

Answer 22

1. Declining young will mean not enough working adults in future & less taxes. 2. To avoid an ageing population which will be expensive to support. A larger older population will need to claim pensions/lower old age dependency meansless burden on social welfare/pensions. 3. Young population attractive to FDI.

Question 23

Explain two positive consequences of the rapid population growth of a megacity.

Answer 23

1. Concentration of population which gives a pool of labour - driver of economic growth.
   Growth of markets – large number of people/workers. 2. Cultural diversity – megacities are melting pots of cultures which leads to a vibrant anddiverse cultural environment.
2. Higher education and research – megacities host major universities and researchinstitutions.

Question 24

Why do countries have different ageing policies?
Focus on Japan

Answer 24

1. Japan - 2 main problems shrinking workforce & cost of pensions/care ( 33% of govenrment budget going to elderly) - solutions - New Angel Plan & Plus One policy to boost fertility rate ( child care reductions & financial incentives), Abenomincs - increase female participation in workforce. Health workers receive robot support. Raised retirement 63 - 71yrs & relaxed immgration law to fill hleath care gaps.

Question 25

Why do cores & peripheries lead to national migration?

Answer 25

Wealth. FDI, high quality services all centred in core areas e.g. London, Rio de Janeiro, Lagos. Periphey loses out on investment unless government promotes through SEZs, or the UK’s Enterprise zones - used to attract investment to the old deindsutrial areas - tax incentives…Educated will all move to where the job opportunities are greatest, where best universities, health care is located.

Question 26

Why do countries have different ageing policies?
Focus on Singapore

Answer 26

Elderly friendly accomodation provided in each zone of city. Barrier free society - slip free floors, grab bars in all main city areas, afforable health care & active lifestyle promoted. Retirement age still only 63yrs, but have option to work until 68yrs. All about staying healthy & being independent, so not a burden on family & society.

Question 27

State two reasons that make it difficult to classify countries in terms of economic
development.

Answer 27

Reason 1: Development varies spatially within countries. For example, peripheral regions such as rural
regions tend to fall behind urban centres in terms of investment in industry and services. An urban bias
develops cities faster. This difference can be hidden by classifications.
Reason 2: Uneven development exists within different ethnic groups as well as across gender. Some groups might command huge wealth and influence. At the same time marginalized groups live in
poverty. Classifying countries can, in this context be unhelpful.

Question 28

Outline 2 human factors to explain population distributions.

Answer 28

Human Factors: The location of industries in port cities creates employment opportunities that pulls people from rural regions in search of work. A lack of government investment in rural peripheries often means services are poor and opportunities are less. As a result, people migrate away or these regions attract less people.

Question 29

Describe how core periphery patterns can be applied to a country that you have studied.

Answer 29

China definitely demonstrates core periphery patterns. The East coast and its major cities represent the
industrial belt of the country, especially around North Eastern cities like Shanghai and Beijing. Rather than one power city, economic wealth is distributed across many megacities. As you move westwards into the interior, economic contribution declines with distance from the coast. There is some evidence of
trickle-down in central regions, with some Chinese migrating into central regions and with it investment
in industry and infrastructure.

Question 30

With reference to country you have studied, explain the rates of urbanization.

Answer 30

Nigeria has experienced rapid rates of rural to urban migration to its major city of Lagos. Lagos now has an estimated population size of 17.5 million. This growth is caused by urbanization. People migrate internally as a result of push and pull factors. Push factors are negative conditions relating to rural
regions and pull factors are positive conditions found in Lagos. People move generally in search of
better paid work and access to the services and food that a city can provide. Sometimes food is in shortage in rural areas and the quality of education and health services can be very poor.

Question 31

Explain the patterns of population distribution in a country you have studied.

Answer 31

Nigeria’s population density varies spatially within the country. 40% of its population live in the South region and around the Niger Delta. It has population densities between 100-500 people per km2. This
region has access to the coast and provides important fishing livelihoods. Its climate is less extreme with more annual rainfall and the Delta Region is rich in minerals, including oil that attracts investment
jobs and large cities. Population density falls away in other more rural regions to levels below 2 people per km2. There is a lack of services in these places and the climate is more harsh. There are populated regions in Niger in the north but these are clustered around cities, which create employment and act as service and trade centers.

Question 32

Explain the consequences of forced migration with an examples.

Answer 32

Forced migration such as that found in Nigeria creates quite volatile social and political conditions.
People who are forced to migrate are vulnerable and lack social networks. Many rural migrants lack the
skills and experience needed to thrive in city environments. Their influx places strain on city resources
that can lead to localised conflicts based on xenophobic attitudes and bias. In addition, other migrants who have been forced to migrate outside of Nigeria can later return to their villages with more conservative and/or extreme attitudes. With such ethnic and religious diversity as well
as poverty, this encourages extremism and further exacerbates social conflict.

Question 33

With reference to a contemporary megacity describe the consequences of raid urban growth.

Answer 33

In 1969 the Lagos population stood at less than 1 million people today it has grown to over 22 million driven by rapid rates of rural to urban migration. As a consequence, the city has grown in size from a
small city to massive urban sprawl more than 5 times its size in 1960. Much of this urban sprawl is
made up of informal slum settlements that lack basic services such as adequate water supply, sanitation and electricity. An example of one of the more challenging slums is the wetland community of
Makoko. This community live in shacks on the wetland margins, some of which are built on stilts above the water. These communities often face the prospect of forced eviction, when government authorities reclaim valuable land for development. Other issues concern access to health and education services
that struggle to keep pace with the rapid growth in population and rates of natural increase close to 20. Outside the slums the city struggles further with growing population and the pressures that it places on sanitation services, transport and waste management. Lagos streets are choked with traffic leading to
long delays and poor air quality.

Question 34

Explain two policies a government might adopt to promote gender equality

Answer 34

Policy 1: Women are often held back in society due to unequal rights, access to education and laws
that favour men. A country might introduce stronger legislation that protects women from unfavourable
situations. Examples include right to land tenure, which secures women’s rights to own land and to have
independence. This helps protect women who are divorced or widowed.
Policy 2: Many laws discriminate against and unfairly blame women in context of relationships. By
strengthening infidelity laws women can be protected from unfair treatment in society. Other laws might introduce stricter punishments for crimes of sexual abuse and sexual intimidation. This would enable women to lead more open and secure lives enabling greater development.

Question 35

2 conditions needed to benefit Demographic dividend.

Answer 35

Condition 1: One condition needed in a country is a large youthful population, meaning a large active
population that can create economic growth.
Condition 2: A second condition is a relatively smaller burden of dependency from its aging society. Typically, these countries have a small window where life expectancy remains relatively low and
economic gain can be made.

Question 36

What is HDI?

Answer 36

Human Development Index is multi-component measure of development It uses life expectancy, adult literacy rates and Gross Domestic Product to form a score of 100

Question 37

Describe and explain economic development at the global scale in terms of core periphery patterns .

Answer 37

Describe
Core - periphery patterns refer to the spatial pattern and relationship between regions of economic power and economic development and regions of lower economic development and influence -global scale for example core regions include USA and Europe with the periphery including some Asian economies, African and South American economies.
Explain
core regions develop due natural geographical advantage e.g. trade routes or from advances in technology. Periphery regions lag behind due to natural geographic disadvantage e.g. remoteness. Economic flows transfer from the core to the periphery, in terms of products and foreign Direct Investment Periphery regions tend to be used for low-cost labour or resources.

Question 38

Causes of population distribution in South America & consequences.

Answer 38

Coastal SE - milder climate, fewer tropical diseases & natural harbors = trade. Attractive location = high pop density & favelas develop & services strained.
NE - dry arid location.
Amazon - dense forest - accessibility difficult - interier lacks development.

Question 39

Suggest two potential socio-economic problems that could result from the
a falling BR/ ageing pop.

Answer 39

Declining population and the resulting economic implications, such as a reduced work
force, decreased tax revenue, shortage of qualified workers, declining productivity, high
labour costs, a smaller tax base. decreasing number of children – may lead to closure of schools,
unemployment in education sector

Question 40

Explain two ways in which one named country benefits from a demographic
dividend.

Answer 40

Attracts large amounts of foreign investment, the nation becomes more
important on the global stage. Increased proportion of the population in the independent age range –
provides a larger work force, increase in economic growth, potentially a larger
market, increase in tax returns India has one of the youngest populations and this will give an
increase in economic growth due to an increase in the proportion of independent
population that provides a workforce .