Optimising athlete motivation Flashcards
Define motivation
The direction and intensity of one’s efforts (Sage, 1977)
Give some behaviours related to extrinsic motivation.
Less interest, value and effort toward achievement, anxiety, difficulty coping with failure
What is the Achievement Goal Theory?
AGT - Nicholls et al (1974, 1984) explains that an important pre-requisite of motivation is the desire to feel competent and the quality of the sporting experience is shaped by how the athlete defines and judges their success. This can be either task-involvement or ego-involvement. Achievement goals and perceived ability influence achievement behaviour (performance, effort, task choice, persistence).
How can athlete motivation be assessed?
Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda, 1989) is a 13 item questionnaire where respondents rate their answer on a 5-point Likert scale.
In this 1989 study, results from 128 males and 193 female high school athletes showed that task orientation was positively related to beliefs that sport should enhance self-esteem and teach people to try their best and co-operate. Ego-orientation was a positive predictor of the belief that sport involvement should enhance one’s self esteem and social status.
What did the results from Roberts and Ommundsen’s (1996) study show?
n=148 uni students completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ). Task-oriented individuals endorsed pratice in order to learn and improve skills. Ego-oriented people avoided practice.
According to Elliot and MacGregor’s (2001) AGT 2x2 framework, what are the 4 types of motivational goals?
Mastery approach - wanting to perform to best of ability
Mastery avoidance - not wanting to perform worse than before
Performance approach - wanting to outperform others
Performance avoidance - not wanting to be the worst
What did Morris and Kavussanu (2009) find regarding the 4 types of motivation goals?
n=254 junior athletes.
MApp goals: increased levels of enjoyment, reduced distraction
MAv: Increased concentration disruption and worry
PApp: no sig. difference
PAv: increased levels of concentration disruption and worry.
What is the Self Determination Theory?
SDT (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 2000) - all individuals are motivated to satisfy 3 basic needs: competence, autonomy, relatedness. Motivation lies on a continuum from amotivation to extrinsic (external, introjected, identified, integrated regulation) motivation, to intrinsic motivation.
Results from Pelletier et al.’s (2001) study?
n=369 competitive swimmers completed Sport Motivation Scale at the beginning, 10 months and 22 months from the start of the study. Athletes that had persisted with the sport reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation compared to dropouts who reported more amotivation. Persistent athletes reported that their coaches were more autonomy-supportive.
Results from Joessar et al.’s (2007)study?
n=424 young athletes completed Peer Motivational Climate in Youth Sport Questionnaire. Those who reported a task-involving climate reported higher fulfilment of the 3 needs and they persisted more than those in an ego-involving climate.
Which two studies postulate the benefits of satisfaction of the 3 needs with relation to athlete burnout?
Bartholomew et al. (2011). n=289 athletes from range of sports and skill levels. Those with higher reported levels of satisfaction of the 3 needs reported lower levels of the symptoms of burnout.
Hodge et al. (2008). n=133 rugby union players who completed the athlete burnout questionnaire. Satisfaction of the 3 needs was negatively predictive of burnout.
In the study by Hodge et al. (2009), what did 201 athletes from 51 sports who had fulfilment of the 3 needs also report in the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire?
Higher levels of confidence, enthusiasm, vigor, dedication and global athlete engagement.
