Athlete Burnout Flashcards
Define athlete burnout
A physical, emotional and social withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable sport activity. This withdrawal is characterised by emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation. (Gould and Whitley, 2009)
Research on healthcare professionals and referees suggests what with regards to burnout?
Ploeg et al. (2003). HCPs who reported high levels of emotional load, lack of autonomy, insufficient financial reward, poor relationships with colleagues, poor communication had higher levels of emotional exhaustion. depersonalisation and reduced sense of personal accomplishment. They were more likely to dropout.
Taylor et al. (1990). Referees who reported higher levels of stress and intent to quit at time 1 also had higher levels at time 2 and were more likely to dropout.
What are the 3 cardinal symptoms of athlete burnout?
Reduced sense of athletic accomplishment
Physical and emotional exhaustion
Sport devaluation
(Raedeke, 1997)
Method of assessing athlete burnout?
Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; Raedeke and Smith, 2001) is a 15-item 1-5 rating scale questionnaire.
According to Cresswell and Eklund’s (2004) study of 199 professional rugby union players, what are some signs and symptoms of burnout?
Physical and emotional exhaustion: fatigue, moody, lethargy, wants break from training
Low professional efficacy: ups and downs in performance, making lots of mistakes
Sport devaluation: reduced attention/concentration, doubts about career, looking forward to end of season
Outline Smith’s (1986) stress-based Cognitive-Affective model of burnout.**
Stage 1: analysis of situation demands and resources
Stage 2: cognitive appraisal - meaning and consequence of their participation within sport
Stage 3: Physiological response - e.g. arousal, anxiety, fatigue
Stage 4: Coping and task behaviours.
Burnout athlete would feel imbalance between demands and resources possibly due to low social support, lack of autonomy, lack of reward. Their cognitive appraisal would be that they’re overloaded. The physiological response would be muscle tension, anger, anxiety, fatigue. Suboptimal behaviour patterns such as decreased performance and ultimately withdrawal from sport.
Outline Silva’s (1990) Negative Training Response Model
An exhaustive physiological response characterised by ineffective efforts to meet excessive training demands.
Criticism: focuses on physiological response, no mention of psychological stressors
Outline Coakley’s (1992) Sociological model.
Social organisation of sport leads to burnout in young athletes. Young athletes don’t have “normal idenitity”. Lack of success or injury and lack of autonomy leads to burnout
Outline Schmidt and Stein’s (1991) Sport Commitment model.
Athletes feel entrapped in sports involvement due to social pressure and lose motivation to continue
Outline the SDT model of burnout by Cresswell and Eklund (2005).
All individuals are motivated to satisfy the 3 basic needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness. If these needs aren’t met, athlete is prone to burnout
What research support is there for the cognitive-affective model?
Raedeke and Smith (2004). 224 senior level age group swimmers. Those who reported high levels of stress, low levels of coping and low social support reported higher levels of the burnout Sx.
Kelley et al. (1999). 265 tennis coaches. High levels of stress and anxiety correlated with high levels of global stress and Sx of burnout.
Martin et al. (1999). 294 athletic directors. High levels of anxiety and low levels of hardiness and high levels of global stress directly correlated with burnout Sx.
What research support is there for the SDT model?
Cresswell and Eklund (2005). 199 pro rugby union players completed ABQ and Sports Motivation Scale. Those who reported intrinsic motivation reported lower levels of burnout Sx.
Hodge et al (2008). 133 elite rugby union players completed ABQ. Those who did not meet the 3 needs had higher levels of burnout.
Perrault et al. (2007). 259 high school athletes. Those with high levels of the 3 needs had lower levels of burnout.
Lonsdale et al. (2009). 201 elite Canadian athletes from 51 sports did ABQ and needs questionnaire. Basic needs satisfaction scores negatively correlated with ABQ scores. Amotivation and intrinsic motivation positively correlated with all aspects of burnout
Define athlete engagement
An enduring, relatively stable sport experience, which refers to generalised positive affect and cognitions about one’s sport as a whole (Lonsdale et al., 2007)
