Career transitions Flashcards
According to Lavallee et al. (2000), what percentage of retired athletes report major problems with their life after their sport career?
20%
What is the developmental pattern of an athletic career?
Usually starts at 7-10 years, takes 10 years to develop to an expert level of performance (Ericsson and Charness, 1994) and staying at the top level for 5-15 years before retirement (Stambulova, 1994).
What are 3 objective measures of the success of an athletic career?
- Sport duration
- Sport events
- Sport titles
What are 3 subjective measures of the success of an athletic career?
- Benefits and costs of sport participation
- Career satisfaction
- Career successfulness
Define a career transition
An event or non-event that results in change in assumptions about oneself and the world thus requiring a corresponding change in one’s behaviour and relationships (Schlossberg, 1981)
Outline Bloom’s (1985) model of career transitions.
- Initiation
- Development
- Perfection
No transitions emphasised, no mention of termination
Outline Salmela’s (1994) model of career transitions.
- Initiation
- Development
- Perfection
- Discontinuation
Outline Stambulova’s (1994) model of career transitions.
- Preparatory stage
- Beginning of specialisation
- Intensive training in chosen sport
- Culmination stage
- Final stage, followed by discontinuation
Outline Cote’s (1994) model of career transitions.
- Sampling years
- Specialising years
- Investment years
- Recreational years
Transitional stages are not emphasised
Outline Wylleman and Lavallee (2004) Developmental Model of Transitions.*
This model shows what accompanies the changes from initiation to development to mastery to discontinuation, with changes in the athletes psychological level, academic level and psychosocial support network.
Outline Stabulova’s (2003) Athletic Career Transition Model.**
The dynamic balance between transition demands and resources influence coping behaviours, which can be effective or ineffective. Psychologists can intervene through prevention (before transition), crisis-coping (if coping is ineffective), or psychotherapy (at stage where initial intervention was ineffective and athlete considers withdrawal).
According to Salmela et al. (2000), what can aid successful transition in young athletes
High social support. Young athletes were interviewed and reported commitment from themselves and their parents in the development stage led to success.
According to Wolfenden and Holt’s (2005) study of 9 junior tennis players, what was parents’ role perceived as and what was the coach’s role perceived as?
Parents: emotional and tangible support
Coach: Providing technical advice
What are the 4 causes of career termination according to Ogilvie and Taylor, 1993)?
- Age
- Deselection
- Injury
- Free choice
What are the 4 determinants of the quality of career termination?
- CAUSE OF TERMINATION. Free choice facilitates process with positive feelings, forced termination leads to negative feelings and the need for social support and coping strategies (Alfermann, 2000).
- PLANNING POST-CAREER. Those who plan adapt faster and experience more positive emotions and greater life satisfaction (Alfermann et al., 2004).
- ATHLETIC IDENTITY. High athletic identity report more negative emotions at retirement (Brewer, 1993) and need more time for adaptation. They are also more reluctant to end their career (Brewer et al., 2000).
- SOCIAL RESOURCES. At retirement, this becomes more family and friends (Sinclair and Orlick, 1993).
