Injury rehabilitation Flashcards
According to Mann et al. (2007), what percentage of sports medicine physicians address emotional and behavioural problems (anxiety, stress, burnout) related to injury in patient athletes?
80%
What is the Model of Stress and Athletic Injury?
Anderson and Williams (1998).
A potentially stressful situation is cognitively appraised leading to the stress response which can manifest as attention/distraction/muscle tension, this then leads to injury. Contributing to the stress response are personality factors, history of stressors and coping resources. Psychological skill interventions can address and attempt to modify the stress response.
What factors form part of the history of stressors and how do they contribute to the stress response?
Life events: Increased levels of life event stress contributed to injury occurrence (Blackwell and McCullagh, 1990). Injured athletes had significantly more negative life event stress compared to non-injured athletes (Hardy and Riehl, 1988).
Daily hassles: injured athletes have a higher number of daily hassles than non-injured athletes (Fawkner et al., 1999). Daily hassles are a predictor of injury in basketball players (Byrd, 1993).
Previous injuries: Higher number of previous injuries increased the likelihood of re-injury (Maddison and Prapavessis, 2005).
What research supports the inclusion of personality into the model of stress and athletic injury?
High competitive trait anxiety had more injuries (Blackwell and McCullagh, 1990).
Mood states: Positive state of mind reduced the risk of injury (Williams et al., 1993). Negative mood increased risk of injury (Van Mechelen et al., 1996). Higher levels of aggression/anger experienced significantly more injuries (Fields et al., 1990).
What research supports the inclusion of coping resources into the model of stress and athletic injury?
Higher levels of coping resources was associated with a reduced risk of injury (Williams et al., 1986). High levels of social support lowered incidence of injury (Hardy et al., 1990). High levels of psychological coping skills lowered the incidence of injury (Smith et al., 1990).
What research-supported mechanisms are thought to mediate stress inducing injury?
STRESS REDUCES PERIPHERAL ATTENTION. Williams et al. (1991). 74 recreational athletes completed questionnaires to assess life events, daily hassles, state-trait anxiety and also completed a peripheral vision test. High levels of state anxiety and stress results in reduced peripheral attention and therefore attentional disruption.
STRESS INTERFERES WITH CO-ORDINATION. Smith et al. (2000). 46 ballet dancers completed the mutlidimensional sport anxiety scale. Increased levels of anxiety at baseline resulted in increased injury occurrence in the following 8 months as a result of muscle tension and co-ordination interference.
What evidence is there that a stress management course can prevent injury?
Maddison and Prapevessis (2005). 48 rugby players with a high psychological risk profile for injury were randomly assigned to either a Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management course (6 sessions of relaxation, ST, social support over 4 weeks pre-season) or control. CBSM reported missing less time due to injury compared to control.
Kerr and Goss (1996). 24 gymnasts assigned to stress management or control group. Intervention was 16 sessions over 8 months. Intervention group reported less stress and fewer injuries but results were not significant. However, small sample size and wasn’t pre-season.
Johnson et al. (2005). 32 high psychological risk soccer players assigned to PST or control. Intervention prevention program sig. lowered number of injuries compared to control.
Apart from stress management, what other interventions are there to prevent injury in athletes?
SOCIAL SUPPORT. Smith et al. (1990) proposed that training coaches to enhance social support would lower the risk of injury. Nideffer et al. (1981) proposed that team building could enhance feeling of social support and decrease injury occurrence.
INFORMATIVE: Arnason et al. (2005). 271 soccer players assigned to video-information on injuries group or control group. No sig. difference was found in injury incidence between groups. Therefore, informative interventions alone are not enough to lower injury risk.
What is the grief response to injury?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
What is the sports psychologists’ proposed reaction model to injury?
- Injury relevant information processing
- Emotional upheaval and reactive beahviour
- Positive outlook and coping
What are some signs and symptoms of poor adjustment to injury?
Anger, confusion, repeatedly asking when they can return to play, denial, coming back too soon, dwelling on minor physical incompetence, guilt, withdrawal from significant others, rapid mood swings, hopelessness about recovery.
What are the 3 stages in the recovery process and the consultant’s role in each?
Injury or illness phase - help athlete deal with emotional upheaval that accompanies injury
Rehabilitation and recovery phase - help athlete sustain motivation and adherence to rehab protocol
Return to full activity phase - full recover is not complete until athlete returns to normal functioning within their sport.
What were the results of Ievlava and Orlick’s (1991) study on PST and injury recovery?
Interviewed 32 athletes from a sports medicine clinic and found that fast-healing athletes used more goal-setting, positive self-talk, and healing imagery than slow healing athletes.
What were the results of Cupal and Brewer’s (2001) study on PST and injury recovery?
30 ACL rehab patients assigned to intervention (10 sessions of relaxation and imagery), placebo (encouragement and support) or control. Results showed that the intervention group reported less anxiety and greater knee strength at 24 weeks post-surgery compared to placebo and control.
Psychological AND Physical benefits of PST.
What were the results of Sherzer et al.’s (2001) study on PST and injury recovery?
45 ACL reconstruction patients were interviewed and rehab adherence was monitored. Goal-setting and positive self-talk were positively related to home rehab completion and program adherence.
