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Grade 10 Science > Optics > Flashcards

Optics Flashcards

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1
Q

Light

A

Form of energy that travels in electromagnetic waves (speed = 3 x 10⁸ m/s)

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2
Q

Crest

A

Highest point of wave

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3
Q

Trough

A

Lowest point of wave

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4
Q

Resting Position

A

Level of water with no waves

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5
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from one point in the wave to another similar point (measured in nanometers - nm = 1 x 10⁻⁹ m, represented by lambda λ)

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6
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of wave from resting position - amplitude = intensity

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7
Q

Frequency

A

cycles/second = hertz (Hz) - frequency = energy

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8
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared Light, Visible Light, Ultraviolet Light, X-Rays, Gamma Rays

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9
Q

Radio Waves

A

AM/FM radio, cellular communication, tv signals, radar, astronomy

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10
Q

Microwaves

A

Telecommunication, microwaves, astronomy

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11
Q

Infrared Light

A

Heat detection, remote controls, lasers, astronomy

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12
Q

Visible Light

A

Human vision, theatre/concert lighting, rainbows, lasers, astronomy

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13
Q

Ultraviolet Light

A

Tans skin, sunburns, simulates vitamin D production, “black” lights, sterilization, astronomy

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14
Q

X-Rays

A

Medical imaging, cancer treatment, security, astronomy

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15
Q

Gamma Rays

A

Product of some nuclear decay, cancer treatment, astronomy

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16
Q

Visible Light and Colours

A

Longest to shortest wavelengths: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

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17
Q

Natural Sources of Light

A

Bioluminescence, Sun, stars, aurora borealis, volcanoes (incandescence)

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18
Q

Artificial Sources of Light

A

Chemiluminescence, fluorescence, phosphorescence

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19
Q

Incandescence

A

Light produced from high temperatures (ex. volcanoes, light bulbs, red stove burners, white hot iron)
Light bulbs: electric current runs through filament causing it to heat up and produce light (inefficient - only 5% of energy converted to light)

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20
Q

Electric Discharge

A

Light produced when electric current is passed through a gas (ex. sodium/mercury vapour bulb, lightning)

21
Q

Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

A

Semiconductors that emit infrared/visible light when charged with an electric current (ex. billboards, clocks, signs)

22
Q

Luminescence

A

Light produced for any reason other than for a rise in temperature

23
Q

Fluorescence

A

Light produced from exposure to electromagnetic radiation (ex. light bulbs, some minerals, “black” light, germicidal lamps)
Light bulbs: electrons collide with mercury gas to produce UV light that is absorb by phosphor lining the sides, causing it to glow (more efficient and longer life - 20-30% of energy converted to light, but disposal problems)

24
Q

Phosphorescence

A

Light produced from exposure to electromagnetic radiation even after the absence of radiation - light is stored and released slowly over a period of time (ex. glow-in-the-dark objects, glowing paint, some safety signs)

25
Q

Chemiluminescence

A

Light produced from a chemical reaction without a rise in temperature (ex. glow sticks, some bioluminescent animals - fireflies)

26
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Light produced from living organisms (ex. fish, jellyfish, sea stars, fireflies)
Functions: mimicry, counterillumination, attracting mates, distracting predators, camouflage, warning, communication, illumination)

27
Q

Triboluminescence

A

Light produced from friction (ex. quartz, diamonds, Wintergreen Lifesavers)

28
Q

Law of Reflection for Plane Mirrors

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

29
Q

Plane Mirrors

A

Image is always (LOST):
behind the mirror, upright, same size, and virtual

30
Q

Mirror Applications

A

Concave/Converging: flashlights, telescopes, cosmetic mirrors, car headlights
Convex/Diverging: security mirrors, side-view mirrors on automobiles

31
Q

Shadows

A

Size of shadow depends on object’s size and distance from the light source
Smaller light source: sharp, well defined shadow
Larger light source: fuzzy shadow
Umbra: darkest part of shadow
Penumbra: lighter parts of shadow

32
Q

Refraction

A

The bending of light as it travels between mediums
- Light bends because of the difference of the speed of light in different mediums (light is slower in denser materials)
- When speed of light is slower in second medium = refracted towards normal
- When speed of light is faster in second medium = refracted away from normal

33
Q

Index of Refraction

A

Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium (n = c/v)

34
Q

Dispersion

A

Process of separating white light into its spectrum of colours - each colour travels at a different speed (blue is slower than red - blue gets refracted more)

35
Q

Partial Reflection and Refraction

A

When travelling from one medium to another, some light is reflected, some is refracted (amount of reflection/refraction depends on angle of incidence and densities of the mediums)

36
Q

The Critical Angle

A
  1. As angle of incidence increases, angle of refraction gets closer to 90 degrees (angle of incidence < critical angle)
  2. When angle of incidence = critical angle, refracted line lays on the boundary (no light passes through to second medium)
  3. When angle incidence > critical angle, no light passes through, all light is reflected (total internal reflection)
37
Q

Applications of the Critical Angle

A

Binoculars, optical fibres, perfect-cut diamond, retro-reflectors

38
Q

Cornea

A

Thin layer of transparent tissue (550 micrometers - µm) with 75% of eyes total refractive power (n = 1.37)

39
Q

Pupil

A

Dark circular opening that allows light to enter the eye

40
Q

Iris

A

Coloured band of muscles that control the size of the pupil (controls the amount of light let into the eye)

41
Q

Lens

A

Convex lens that can adjust its focal length because of ciliary muscles
When muscles contract = lens becomes thicker, refractive power increases, focal length decreases (for nearby objects
When muscles relax: lens becomes thinner/flatter, focal length increases (for distant objects)

42
Q

Retina

A

Inner lining of back of eye that the image is projected on made of photoreceptor cells sensitive to light

43
Q

Rod Cells

A

Detects shape and movement in low light, but can’t detect colour (only shades of grey) - found in peripheral areas of retina

44
Q

Cone Cells

A

Detects colour: three types that are sensitive to each of the primary colours of red, green, or blue - found in central area of retina

45
Q

Blind Spot

A

Area in retina that has no photoreceptor cells and can’t detect light because it is where the optic nerve connects the eye to the brain

46
Q

Hyperopia/Far Sightedness

A

Eye is too short and image forms behind the retina - can’t see nearby objects clearly (corrected with a converging lens)

47
Q

Myopia/Near-Sightedness

A

Eye is too long and image forms in front of the retina - can’t see distant objects clearly (corrected with a diverging lens)

48
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregular cornea causes irregular refraction on an axis from 0 to 180 degrees - forms blurry images (corrected with a toroidal lens that has multiple focal lengths)

49
Q

Presbyopia

A

As people get older, their lens hardens and becomes less flexible, while ciliary muscles get weaker, meaning the lens is less able to expand into its near focusing shape - less able to accommodate for near distances (corrected with a converging lens)

Grade 10 Science (7 decks)

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